A Descriptive Analysis of Focus Markers in Ẹ̀gbá Dialect ÀpèjúweÀwọn Atọ́ka Gbólóhùn Akíyesí Alátẹnumọ́ Nínú Ẹ̀ka-Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Cite this article as: Kọ́lápọ̀, K. D. (2026). A descriptive analysis of focus markers in Ẹ̀gbá dialect / Àpèjúweàwọnatọ́ka gbólóhùnakíyesí alátẹnumọ́ nínú Ẹ̀ka-Èdè Ẹ̀gbá.Sokoto Journal of Linguistics and Communication Studies (SOJOLICS), 2(2), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.36349/sojolics.2026.v02i02.014

KỌ́LÁPỌ̀, Káyọ̀dé Dominion (Ph.D.)

Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages

Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria

Kayode.kolapo@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng, Kayokolade@gmail.com

Abstract

This paper attempts to investigate and describe the features of focus markers in Ẹ̀gbá dialect of Yorùbá. The data used in this study were collected from six adults who are native speakers of Ẹ̀gbá dialect in Abẹ́òkúta of Abẹ́òkúta North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria through structured interviews with the use of digital device. Data were also collected from the dialogue of Adéàga’s movie; Odi Ìdíwọ̀n (2020), a movie produced with native Ẹ̀gbá dialect on the You Tube platform. The study employs descriptive linguistics in its analysis. The major findings of this study shows that there are four focus makers in Ẹ̀gbá dialect; ‘wà’, ‘pa’. ‘sí’ and ‘rè’. This article reveals that ‘wà’ shows prominence on constituents such as NP, PP and S; ‘sí’ and ‘pa’ shows prominence on question tag ‘lè’, and ‘ibi’ in interrogative sentences, while ‘rè’ shows prominence on NP, VP, PP, and other question markers in the dialect.The study thereafter argued for the recognition of four types of focus marker in Ẹ̀gbá, contrary to the view of Ọmọléwu (2013) who identified three focus markers in the dialect.The nature of the vowel and the low-tone ‘rè’ changes through phonological processes, depending on the vowel that co-occur with it in the focus construction of Ẹ̀gbá dialect. The paper concluded that the descriptive analysis of a language can give a better and deeperunderstanding of such language.

Keywords: Focus markers, Ẹgbá dialect, Descriptive Analysis, Focus Construction, Dialectology.

1.0 Àṣamọ̀

Àfojúsùniṣẹ́ yìí nilátiṣeìwádìí àtiàpèjúweàbùdá àwọn Atọ́ka GbólóhùnÀkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. A gbá àkójọpọ̀ èdè fáyèwò nípalíloìfọ̀rọ̀-wáni-lẹ́nu-wò lọ́dọ̀ àwọnàgbàlagbà mẹ́fà tí ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá dáńtọ́ lẹ́nu wọndáadáaní ìlú Abẹ́òkúta, ní agbègbè ÌjọbaÌbílẹ̀ Àríwá Abẹ́òkútaní Ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùn, orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà. Bákannáà ni a túngbadétà látiìtàkurọ̀sọ pẹ̀lú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá pọ́ńbélé, tiinú fíìmù àgbéléwò; Odi Ìdiwọ̀n (2020) látiọwọ́ Adéàgalórí ìkànnì You Tube. Ìtúpalẹ̀ iṣẹ́ yìí gùn lé ìṣàmúlò Tíọ́rì ìmọ ẹ̀dá-èdè Aṣàpéjúwe. Àbájádeiṣẹ́ yìí ṣàfihàn pé oríṣiàtọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ mẹ́rin; ‘wà’, ‘pa’. ‘sí’àti ‘rè’ló wà nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. A máa ń fi ‘wà’ṣeìtẹnumọ́ fún APOR, APAT, àti GB; ‘sì’ àti ‘pa’máa ń ṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúnatọ́ka ìbéèrè ‘lè’ àti ‘ibi’ nínú gbolóhùnìbéèrè, nígbà tí ‘rè’ máań ṣeìtẹnumọ́ fún APOR, APIS, APAT àtiàwọngbólóhùnìbéèrè yòókù lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Iṣẹ́ yìí takoèrò Ọmọ́léwu (2013) to ṣàfihànàtọkaìtẹnumọ́ mẹ́ta nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Àwọnìgbéṣẹ̀ fonọ́lọ́jì máa ń mú kí fáwẹ̀lì àtiàmì orí ‘rè’yí padà nígbà tó bá fẹ̀gbẹ́kẹ̀gbẹ́ pẹ̀lú fáwẹ̀lì ọ̀rọ̀ mìírànnínú ìhungbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́. Iṣẹ́ yìí fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ pé ṣíṣeàpejúwe ọ̀nà tí elédè máa ń gba lo èdè rẹ̀ máa ń mú kí òyeàwọnàbùdá irúfẹ́ èdè náà yénidáadáa.

Kókó-ọ̀rọ̀: Atọ́ka-Ìtẹ̀numọ́, Ẹ̀gbá, Ẹ̀ka-èdè, Ìmọ̀-Ẹ̀dá-Èdè Aṣàpéjúwe, GbolohunAkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́

1.1 Ìfáárà (Introdcution)

Oríṣiríṣiàwọnwúnrẹ̀n onítumọ̀ gírámà ló wà nínú èdè Yorùbá àti ẹ̀ka èdè rẹ̀. Ọkanlárawọnniwúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ jẹ́. Crystal (2008:139) ṣàlàyé pé wúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ṣepàtàkipúpọ̀ nínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ nítorí wúnrẹ̀n yìí ló máa ń fúnelédè ní àǹfàní látiṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúnfọ́nránìhunkan tó bá ṣepàtàkì sí elédè nínú gbólóhùn. Irúfẹ́ gbólóhùnyìí ni a ń pè ní gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ nínú ìmọ̀ èdá-èdè Yorùbá. Àwọn ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá pọ̀. Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọnonímọ̀ bíiAkínkùgbé (1976), Oyèláràn (1976, 1982), Adétúgbọ́ ((1982), Awóbùlúyì (1998), Adéníyì (2005), Fábùnmi (2013), Kọ́lápọ̀ (2023) ló tiṣisẹ́ lórí ìpínsọ́wọ̀ọ́ ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá. Adétùgbọ́ (1982) kò ṣàfihàn ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá nínú ìpínsọ́wọ̀ọ́ ẹ̀ka-èdè rẹ̀ bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ó ṣàfihànàwọn ẹ̀ka-èdè tí wọ́n jọ wà ní agbègbè kannáà bí Ẹ̀gbádò àtiÀwórì. Oyèláràn (1978:22) ṣàlàyé pé ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá wà ní agbègbè Ìwọ̀-OòrunYorùbá, nígbatí Awóbùlúyì (1998:3) tọ́ka sí i pé ẹ̀ka-èdè yìí wà ní agbègbeGúsù-Ìlà-OòrunYorùbá. Èrò Adéníyì (2005) fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ pé ìhá Yorùbá Gúúsù-mọ́-Ìwọ-Oòrunni ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá wà. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé,ojú ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ niàwọnonímọ̀ yìí fi wo agbègbè tí a le to ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá sí nínú ìpínsówọ̀ọ́ àwọn ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorubá. Òtítọ́ kan tó dájú ni pé ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá jẹ́ ọ̀kanlára ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá. Ẹ̀ka-èdè yìí ní ọ̀pọ̀ àbùdá tí o fi jọ tiYorùbá àjùmọ̀lọ̀, bákannáà ni ó túnní àwọnàbùdá tí ó yàtọ̀ sí tiYorùbá àjùmọ̀lò nitiìrísí àtiìlò. Ọ̀kannínú àwọnàbùdá yiìniàtọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ tí a fẹ́ gbé yẹ̀wò nínú isẹ́ yìí.

Akíyèsí fi hàn pé iṣẹ́ ìwádìí kò tíì dunlẹ̀ lórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá, èyí ló mú kí Awóbùlúyì (1998) ké gbajarè sí àwọnonímọ̀ látitẹramọ́ ṣíṣeiṣẹ́ ìwádìí lórí àwọnẹ̀ka-èdè yìí. Àfojúsùniṣẹ́ yìí nilátiṣeàgbéyẹ̀wò àtiàpéjúwewúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka GbólóhùnÀkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Iṣẹ́ yìí yóò sì jẹ́ ọkanláraakitiyanlátiwá ìdáhùnsí ìrunisókè ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n Awóbùlúyì lórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá.

2.0 Àgbéyẹ̀wò Iṣẹ́ ÀwọnOnímọ̀ Ìṣáajú (Literature Review)

Àwọniṣẹ́ akadá kọ̀ọ̀kantiwà lórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Ajíbádé (2014) ṣeàfiwé Síńtáàsì ẹ̀ka-ède Ẹ̀gbá pẹ̀lú tiYorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò, onímọ̀ yìí fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ pé, ìyàtọ̀ díẹ̀díẹ̀ wà ní ìpelefonọ́lọ́ji àtiìpeleàká-ọ̀rọ̀ láàrin ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá àti Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò. Ọmọ́léwuàti Sanusi (2014) ṣeàfiwé gbólóhùnìyísódì nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá àti Yorùbá Àjumọ̀lò, wọ́n ṣàfihàn pé ìyàtọ̀ wà láàrinìrísí atọ́ka ìyísódì Ẹ̀gbá àti Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò. Ọmọ́léwu (2014) ṣeàgbéyẹ̀wò àwọnìhungbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ àtiìyísódì gbólóhùn bẹ́ẹ̀ nínú ẹ̀ka-edè Ẹ̀gbá. Ìwádìí rẹ̀ fi hàn pé àwọnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́: rò, re, àtisi ló wà nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Àfojúsùnwanínú iṣẹ́ yìí nilátiṣeàlàyé síwájú sí ilórí àwọnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ tó wà nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá lọ́natí yóò mú àkóyawọ́ dání.

2.1 Atọ́ka GbólóhùnÀkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ nínuYorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọnonímọ̀ ló tiṣiṣẹ́ lórí atọ́ka Gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ tiYorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò. LárawọnniBámgbóṣe (1967, 1972), Awóyalé (1985), Awóbùlúyì (1987), Yusuf (1985), Dechaine (2002), Ajíbóyè (2006) àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Àwọnonímọ̀ yìí fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ pé wúnrẹ̀n “ni” ló jẹ́ atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ ní Yorùbá àjùmọ̀lò, èyí tó sì máa ń jẹ yọ ní oríṣríṣi ọ̀nà:

1. Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

a. GbólóhùnÌpìlẹ̀: Olú raaṣọ fúnTítí

b. Ṣíṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúnolùwà: Olú ni ó raaṣọ fúnTítí

d. Ìtẹnumọ́ fún ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣeàsọdorúkọ: Rírà ni Olú raaṣọ fúnTítí

e. Ìtenumọ́ fúnàbọ̀ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe: Aṣọ ni Olú rà fúnTítí

ẹ. Ìtẹnumọ́ fúnàbọ̀ amúpé: Títí ni Olú raaṣọ fún

f. Ìtẹnumọ́ odidigbólóhùn: Olúraaṣọ fúnTítí ni

g. Ìtẹnumọ́ atọ́ka ìbéèrè ‘Ta’nínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè:Tá ni óraaṣọ fúnTítí

gb. Ìtẹnumọ́ atọ́ka ìbéèrè‘ibo’nínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè: Ibo ni Olú tiraaṣọ fúnTítí

Àpẹẹrẹ 1(a-gb) ṣàfihàn pé oríṣiríṣisàkániniàtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ nitimáa ń jẹ yọ nínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ tiYorùbá àjùmọlò. Ẹnuàwọnonímọ̀ èdè Yorùbá kò kò lórí ìhungbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ Yorùbá. Arìyànjiyàn tó wáyé dá lórí bóyá kí a máa pe irú àwọnìhun 1(b-f) ní àpólà-orúkọ (APOR) tàbí kí a máa pè wọ́n ní gbólóhùn. Àwóbùlúyì (1978, 1987, 1992, 2013) gbà pé APOR ni ó yẹ kí a ka ìhungbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ sí, nígbà tiàwọnonímọ̀ bíiOwólabi (1983, 1987); Bámgbóṣé (1990); Yusuf (1990) àtiAdéwọlé (1991) gbà pé ìhunyìí le dá dúró gẹ́gẹ́ bíigbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́. Ohun tó jẹ wá lógúnnínú iṣẹ́ yìí ní látiṣeàpájúweàwọnatọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

3.0 Ọgbọ́n Iṣèwádìí (Methodology)

Ìlànà tí a gbaṣeiṣẹ́ yìí jẹ́ nípagbígbadétà látiẹnuàwọnabẹ́nà ìmọ̀ mẹ́fà ní ilù Abẹ́òkúta, ní ÌjọbaÌbílẹ̀ Àríwá Abẹ́òkúta, Ipínlẹ̀ Ògùnní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà; ọkùnrin mẹ́ta àtiobìnrin mẹ́ta tí ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá dáńtọ́ dáadáa lẹ́nu wọnla fi ọ̀rọ̀ wá lẹ́nu wò. Ọjọ́-orí àwọnAbẹ́nà-imọ̀ yìí wà láàrinọgbọ̀n ọdún sí ọgọ́ta ọdún. Bákannáà ni a ṣàmúlò détà látiinú ìtakurọ̀sọ tó wà nínú fíìmù àgbéléwo, èyí tí àkọlé rè ń jẹ́ Odi Ìdiwọ̀n (2020). A yanàwọnabẹ́nà ìmọ̀ yìí láàyò nítorí pé wọngbọ́, wọ́n sì le ṣọ ẹ̀ka-èdè Ègbá dáadáa. Bákannáà ni a yanfíìmù àgbéléwò yìí láàyò fúniṣẹ́ yìí, nítorí ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá póńńbélé ni a fi ṣeàgbékalẹ̀ àwọ̀n ìtàkurọ̀sọ tó wáyé nínú fíìmù náà. Tíọ́rì imọ̀ ẹ̀dá-èdè Aṣàpéjúweni a fi ṣeìtúpalẹ̀ àwọndétà tí a gbà yìí.

4.0 Tíọ́rì Àmúlò (Theoretical Framework)

Tiọ́rì Ìmọ̀ Ẹ̀dá-Èdè Aṣàpéjúweni ọ̀kanláraìlànà sáyẹ́nsì tí àwọnonímọ̀ ẹ̀dá-èdè máa ń ṣàmúlò fúnìtúpalẹ̀ èdè. Crystal (2008:139) ṣàlàyé pé àfojúsùnìlànà yìí nilátiṣeàlàkalẹ̀ síṣẹ̀-n-tẹ̀lé, èyí tó múnádókonípaàwọnàbùdá tí èlédè máa ń lò nínúìṣàmúlòèdè tàbí ẹ̀ka-èdè rẹ̀. Láraàwọnonímọ̀ tó ṣagbátẹrù Tíọ́rì yìí niBloomieldàti Ferdinand de Saussure.Àgbékalẹ̀ Tíọ́rì ìṣàpéjúweèdè máa ń ṣàmúlò àwọnìlànà bíigbígbadétà lóríṣiríṣi ọ̀nà, ṣíṣeàyẹ̀wò fínífíní nípaìrísí, ìhunàtiiṣẹ́ tí èdè kan ń ṣeláwùjọ. Enzo (2022) ṣàlàyé pé àfojúsùnTíọ́rì yìí nilátiṣeìjúwe, ìtúpalẹ̀ àtiìsọpàtó nípabí elédè kanṣemáa ń ṣàmúlò èdè rẹ̀ ní àwùjọ kan.

5.0 Ìtúpalẹ̀ Àkójọ Èdè Fáyẹ̀wòàti Àlàyé (Data Analysis and Discussion)

5.1 Ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Ọ̀kanlára ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá tí wọn ń sọ ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùnní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ni ẹ̀kà-èdè Ẹ̀gbá jẹ. Ẹ̀ka-èdè yìí sì jẹ ọmọ ẹ̀yà èdè Niger-congo. Omoléwu (2014).Àwọn ẹ̀ka-èdè mìíràn tó múlé tì í niÌjẹ̀bú, Yewa, Òǹkò, Ọ̀họ̀rí, Rẹ́mọ àtiÀwórì. Ní ọdún 1830 ni a tẹ ìlú Ègbá dó, orúkọ ìlú náà sì ni Abẹ́òkúta, ìdí tí orúkọ yìí fi wáyé ni pé ìbùgbé awọnènìyàn Ẹ̀gbá wà ní agbègbè òkè Olúmọ. Àwọnènìyànnáà ni a túnmáa ń pè ní “Ẹ̀gbá ọmọ Lísàbì”. Iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀, ẹjapípaàtiokòwò ló gbajúgbajà juniàárinàwọn Ẹ̀gbá. Ọpọ̀lọpọ̀ òweilẹ̀ Yorùbá ló sì jẹ tí àwọn Ẹ̀gbá látiìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀. Johnson (1921). Àwọnolùsọ ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá pọ̀ káàkiriÌpínlẹ̀ Ògùn, ní ÌjọbaÌbílẹ̀ Àríwá Abẹ́òkúta, Gúsù Abẹ́òkúta, Ewékorò, Ifọ̀, Ọbáfẹ́mi-Owódé àtiÌjọbaÌbílẹ̀ Ọdẹ́dá. Àwọnolùṣọ èdè Ẹ̀gbá sodosí àwọnilú wọ̀nyìí: Ẹ̀gbá Aláké, Ẹ̀gbá Òkè-Ọnà, Ẹ̀gbá Gbágurá, Ẹ̀gbá Olówu, àti Ẹ̀gbá Agbéhín. Ajibade (2014). Àwọn Ẹ̀gbá mọyì arawọnpúpọ̀, wọ́n sì máa ń fi yagàn pé láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọnni ọ̀làjú tiṣè wá ní ilẹ̀ Yorùbá.

5.2 Atọ́ka GbólóhùnÀkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ Lẹ́ka Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Bí atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ṣemáa ń jẹ yọ nínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ tiYorùbá àjùmọ̀mò náà ló máa ń jẹ yọ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Àfojúsùniṣẹ́ yìí nilátiṣeàwárí, àfihànàtiàpéjuwe iye àtiìrísí àtọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá, bákannáà ni a ó ṣàfihànṣàkáání tí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kanàwọnatọ́ka yìí ti má ń jẹ yọ, yálà nínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ tàbí gbólóhùnìbéèrè. Iṣẹ́ yìí yóò túnṣè àtìlẹ́yìnfúnṣíṣeàfihànìṣẹ̀dá oríṣiríṣigbólóhùnakíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ nípaìṣàmúlò atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ nínú ìgbésẹ̀ síńtáàsì lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

5.2.1Wà - Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Atọ́ka GbólóhùnÀkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ Lẹ́ka Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá, wúnrẹ̀n ‘wà’jẹ́ ọ̀kanláraatọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́. Àkíyèsí fi hàn pé ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ àtiÀpólà-orúkọtí a fi maa ń dáhùnìbéèrè TaàtiKíniwúnrẹ̀n yìí máa ń bá ṣiṣẹ́ jù nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè náà. Awóbùlúyì (2013:52) ṣàlàyé pé tani a fi ń ṣeìbéèrè nípaorúkọ ènìyàn, kíni asìmáa ń lòfúnàwọnorúkọ tí kìí ṣetiènìyàn. Bámgboṣe (1990) àti Taiwò (2024) ṣàlàyé pé ọkanláraàbùdá ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ Yorùbá ni pé a le fi dáhùnìbéèrè. Bí àpẹẹrẹ:

2. (a) Ta nìyẹn? Olú ni

(b) Kí nìyèn? Abúlé ni

Àpẹẹrẹ 2(a-b) ṣàfihàn pé a ṣàmúlò àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ninínú Yorùbá àjùmọ̀lò láti fi ìṣepàtàkì ẹnití a ń tọ́ka sí hàn. Bákannáà ni ọ̀rọ̀ rí lẹ́ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá:

3. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Àkànjí wà Àkànjí ni

(b) Olígbèsè wà Onígbèsè ni

(d) Ẹ̀mí ẹ̀rù lásán anwà Ẹ̀mí ẹ̀rù lásánni

Àpẹẹrẹ 3(a-b) ṣàfihàn pé a fi ọ̀rọ̀ náà dáhùnìbéèrè Ta ni?nígbà tí a fi 2(a) dáhùnìbéèrè kí ni? lẹ́ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá. 3(d) jẹ́ ìtẹnumọ́ fúnapólà-orúkọ tí a fi ń dáhùnìbéèrè. Túnwẹ̀, atọ́ka wàtúnmáa ń jẹ yọ nínú ìtẹnumọ́ arọ́pò-orúkọ gígùntí a fí máa ń dáhùnìbéèrè Ta. Bí àpẹẹrẹ:

4. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Èmiwà Èmini

(b) Òunwà Òunni

(d) Ẹ̀yin wà Ẹ̀yin ni

Àkíyèsí fi hàn pé, ó fẹ́rẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ wànìkanni ó máa ń jẹ yọ ní sàkání yìí nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá, a kò rí àpẹẹrẹ pé àwọnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ yòókù nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè náà ní irúfẹ́ àbùdá yìí. Bákannáà ní àwọnolùsọ ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá máa ń lo àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ wàlátiṣeìtẹnumọ́ odidigbólóhùnnínú ẹ̀ka-èdè náà. Bí àpẹẹrẹ;

5. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Mo pá láṣẹ wà Mo pa á láṣẹ ni

(b) Ilé e kí wà? Ilé e kí ni?

(d) Mo ḿ la fẹ́yàwó wà Mo ń lọ fẹ́yàwó ni

Àpẹẹrẹ 5(a) jẹ́ àfihànìlò atọ́ka itẹnumọ́ wàlátiṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúngbólóhùnabẹ̀rún (Awób̀lúyì, 2013), gbólóhùnìbéèrè niti 5(b) nígbà tí 5(d) jẹ gbólóhùn tó ní àbùdá àìṣetán atẹ́rẹrẹ. Bámgbóṣé (1990:168).

Atọ́ka àkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ yìítúnmáa ń jẹ yọ nínú ìpèdè àwọnàgbá tó gbajúgbajà láàrinàwọn Yorùbá. Wọ́n tilẹ ní òwekan tó sọ pé “Ẹ̀gbá méjì kì í ja arawọnníyàn: bí ọ̀kanbá ní ‘báìsí?’, èkejì a ní ‘báàwà’”.Ìwádìí wa fi hàn pé ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn ló lérò pé ọ̀rọ̀ kansosoní ọ̀rọ̀ yìí ‘báàwà’`. Ṣùgbọ́n èyí kò rí bẹ́ẹ̀. A wòye pé, ó ṣe é ṣe kó jẹ́ pé èrò kannáà niỌmọ́léwu (2014) àtiSànúsiòunỌmọ́léwu (2014) ní ìdí nìyí tí wọn kò fi sọ̀rọ̀ lórí atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ wànínú iṣẹ́ wọn. Ìtúpalẹ̀ ‘Báàwà’ ni a ṣesísàlẹ̀ yìí:

6. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

Báà wà Bẹ́ẹ̀ ni.

Àpẹẹrẹ 6 jẹ́ ẹ̀rí pàtàkì pé wànínú ‘Báà wà’ jẹ́ atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́, èyí tó má ń jẹ yọ ní oríṣiríṣisàkání tiàwọnàtọkaìtẹnumọ́ yòókù kò ti lè jẹ yọ àtièyí tí wọ́n ti lè jẹ yọ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

5.2.2Pa - Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Atọ́ka Àkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ Lẹ́ka Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Àkíyèsí fi hàn pé pa jẹ oríṣiwúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka ìtenumọ́ nínú èka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. A ní láti mẹ́nu bà á pé èyí yàtọ̀ sí ‘pa’ tó jẹ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe lẹ́ka èdè náà. Àbùdá kanpàtàkì nípaàtọ́ka pani pé ṣeni ó máa ń jẹ yọ pèlú atọ́ka ìbéèrè lèàtikínínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè lẹ̀ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

7. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Lè pamáa yún o? Ta ni ó máa lọ o?

(b) Kí patimáa sọ̀rọ̀ yìí sí Kí ni a ó ti sọ̀rọ yìí sí?

Àpẹẹrẹ 7(a) àti (b) fi hàn pé atọ́ka ‘pa’máa ń jẹ yọ tẹ̀lé atọ́ka ìbéèrè lèàtikínínú àwọngbólóhùnìbéèrè tí a fi máa ń béèrè ènìyànàtinǹkan tó jẹ́ ènìyànkọ́ lẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

5.2.3Sí - Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Atọ́ka Àkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ Lẹ́ka Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Oríṣiàtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ mìírànnínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá niwúnrẹ̀n ‘sí’. Akíyèsí fi hàn pé atọ́ka yìí máa ń jẹ yọ̀ pẹ̀lú atọ́ka ìbéèrè ‘le’ àti ‘ibi’nínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè ẹ̀ka-èdè náà.

8. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Lè siìyẹ̀n? Ta nì ìyẹn?

(b) Lè símáayún? Ta ní máa lọ?

(d) Ibi sí ó dà? Ibo ni ó dà`?

(e) Ibi sí a máagbà? Ibo ni a máagbà?

Àkíyèsí fi hàn pé àwọnonímọ̀ ìṣaájú kan ka ‘lèsí’ kún ọ̀rọ̀ kansosonínú àwọn ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá kantí ó ti jẹ yọ gẹ́gẹ́ bí atọ́ka ìbéèrè. Ọ̀kanlárawọnniiṣẹ́ Òkotìè (2025) tí ó sọ pé ‘lèsí’ jẹ́ amúpé fúngbólóhùn lẹ́ka-èdè Ifẹ̀. Àgbéyẹ̀wò atókaìtẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá fi hàn pé, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ bíi ‘lèsi’, ‘Yèsí’tàbí ‘èsí’kìí ṣe ọ̀rọ̀ kansoso tó jẹ́ atọ́ka gbólóhùnìbéèrè nínú àwọn ẹ̀ka-èdè bíiIfẹ̀, Ẹ̀kìtì, Ìjèṣa, Oǹdó àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. “lèsí” jẹ́ ì`kànpọ̀atọ́ka ìbéèrè àtiàtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́, nítorí náà kò yẹ kí a máa kọ wọ́n papọ̀ nínú àkọtọ́ èdè Yorùbá òde-òní.

5.2.4Ìjẹyọpọ̀ Atọ́ka ‘sí-pa’ nínúGbólóhùnÀkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ Lẹ́ka Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Ọ̀kanlárawúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka gbólóhunàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ tí a túnṣàwárí nínú isẹ́ yìí nisí…pa, èyí tó máa ń jẹ yọ nínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè lẹ́ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Èyí ni a pè ní ‘àsínpọ̀ àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́’ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

9. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Lè sí a pamáa lọ bá? Ta ni a máa lọ bá?

(b) Ibi sí a pamáà gbà? Ibo ni a máagbà?

Àpẹẹrẹ 9(a-b) ṣàfihànìjẹyọpọ̀ siàtipanínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè oníwúnrẹ̀n lèàtiibi. Ohunmìíràn tó túnṣepàtàkì látiṣàlàyé ni pé, ó fẹ́rẹ̀ dàbí ẹni pé ìjẹyọpọ̀ símáa ń jẹyọ lẹ́yìnatọ́ka ìbéèrè lèàtiibi, nígbà tí wúnrẹ̀n pamáa ń jẹ yọ ní àárínibá-ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àìṣetánbárakú á máaàtiibá-ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àìṣetánìbẹ̀rẹ̀ timáanínú àsìkò ọjọ́-iwájú lẹ́ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Wúnrẹ̀ patí a ń sọ̀rọ̀ rẹ̀ yìí yàtọ̀ sí ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣe ‘pa’, èyí tónioríṣiríṣiìtúmọ̀ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá`nínú àwọngbólóhùnbíi: (i) Adé paẹran; (ii) Kọ́lá painá; (iii) Dúpẹ́ paèkùrọ́, àti bẹ́ẹ̀bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Ìwádìí tún fi hàn pé, ìlò pagẹ́gẹ́ bí atọ́ka gbólóhùnìtẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka èdè Ẹ̀gbá kò fi bẹ́ẹ̀ wọ́ pọ̀ lẹ́nu àwọn ọ̀dọ̀ òde-oní mọ́ níìlú Abẹ́òkútaàtiagbègbè rẹ̀, àwọnàgbà ló sáabà máa ń ṣàmúlò rẹ̀. Èyí fi ìdí rẹ múlẹ̀ pé àyípadà ti ń dé bá ẹ̀ka-èdè náà díẹ̀díẹ̀.

5.2.5 Rè - Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Atọ́ka Àkíyèsí Alátẹnumọ́ Lẹ́ka Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

Atọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ tó gbajúgbajà tó sì ní àkóyawọ́ jù nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá nirè, òunsiniàwọnolùsọ èdè Ẹ̀gbá máa ń lò jù nínú ìṣafọ̀ wọn. A máa ń lo wúnrẹ̀n yìí látiṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúnoríṣiríṣifọ́nránnínúìhungbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè náà.

10. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Akin kọ́lé aláàjà lí ẹbúlé Akin kọ́ ilé alájà ní abúlé

(b) Akin rò kọ́lé aláàjà lí ẹbúlé Akin ni ó kọ́ ilé alájà ní abúlé

(d) Kíkọ́ re Akin kọ́lé aláàjà Kíkọ́ ni Akin kọ́ ilé alájà

(e) Ilé aláàjà re Akin kọ́ lí ẹbúlé Kíkọ́ ni Akin kọ́ ilé alájà ní abúlé

(ẹ) Ẹbúlé rèAkin ti kọ́lé aláàjà Abúlé ni Akin ti kọ́ ilé alájà

Àpẹẹrẹ òkè yìí ṣàfihàn pé 10(a) jẹ́ gbólóhùnìpìlẹ̀. Ìrísí atọ́ka gbólóhùnròni a fi ṣeìtẹnumọ́ fún Akin tó jẹ́ ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ ní ipò olùwà ní 10(b). A ní láti mẹ́nu bà á pé ròtí ó jẹ yọ nínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ ti 10(b) jẹ́ àpapọ̀ atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ rèàtiwúnrẹ̀ sílébù olóhùnòkè ó, àpapọ rẹ̀ ni ó fúnwaní rò lẹ́yìntí a ti pa ìró fáwẹ̀lì /e/ ararè jẹ,tí a sì dá àmiohùnìsàlẹ̀ tó wà lórí rẹ̀ sí, tí a sì kansílébù olóhùnòkenáà papọ̀ mọ́ kọ́nsónáǹtì /r/ nínú ìhun 10(b). Èyí takoàbá Ọmọ́léwu (2014) tó ṣàfihànrògẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀kanláraàwọnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Ohuntí a ṣàkíyèsí pé ó ṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ni pé atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ rèmáa ń sáábà sọ fáwẹ̀lì ara rẹ̀ nù nígbà tó bá fẹ̀gbẹ́kègbẹ́ pẹ̀lú fáwẹ̀lì mìírànnínúìhungbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

Ìtẹnumọ́ ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣekọ́tí a sọ di orúkọ ní ipò olùwà kíkọ́ni ó wáyé ni 10(d), rètí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kanláraatọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ ni ó sì jẹ yọ tẹ̀lé e. A gbé fọ́nránìhunapólà-orúkọ ilé aláàjàtí ó jẹ àbọ̀ fún ọ̀rọ̀-ìṣekọ́látiipò àbọ wá sí ipò olùwà, a sì fi atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ̣reṣeìtẹnumọ́ fún un. Àkíyèsi fi hàn pé nígbà tí atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ rèbá jẹ yọ nínú irúfẹ ìhunyìí,àwọnolùsọ ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá máa ń sábà paàmì ohùnìsàlẹ̀ orí wúnrẹ̀ yìíjẹ, ìrísí rẹ̀ yóò wá di redípò rè. Èyí kò túmọ̀ sí pé rejẹ́ oríṣiatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ mìíràn lẹ́ka èdè Ẹgbá. Ìlò règẹ́gẹ́ atọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ hàndedáadáaní 10(ẹ) níbití a tiṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúnẹbúlénínú ìhunàpólà amupé, èyí tó jẹ́ àbọ̀ fún ọ̀rọ̀ atọ́kùnlínínú gbólóhùnnáà. Ohuntí èyí fi hànni pé règan-ganni ọ̀rọ̀ ìpìlẹ̀ fúnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́yìínínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

Ọ̀nà mìírànláti fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ pé rè jẹ́ ọ̀kanláraatọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá nitiàpẹẹrẹ tó jẹ mọ́ ṣíṣeìtẹnumọ àtiìtọ́ka sí àwọn arọ́pò orúkọ gígùnnínú ẹ̀ka-èdè náà.

11. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) Èmirèyẹ̀n Èminìyẹn

(b) Òunrèyẹ̀n Òunnìyẹn

(d) àwarèyẹ̀n Àwanìyẹn

Àkíyèsí fi hàn pé rèyẹ̀nkìí ṣe ọ̀rọ̀ kansosogẹ́gẹ́ bí ó tiwà ní 11(a-d), ó jẹ́ àpapọ̀ atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ rèàti ẹ̀yánaṣàfihànìyẹ̀n. Àbájádeèyí ló fúnwaní rèyẹ̀nnínú èka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá, lẹ́yìntí a ti pa fáwẹ̀lì /i/ àtiàmì ohùnìsàlẹ̀ tó wà lórí rẹ̀ jẹ. Ohuntí èyitún fi hànní pé, àwọnìgbéṣẹ̀fonọ́lọ́jì bí ìpàrójẹ, àrànmọ́ àtiìsúnkì máa ń yí ìrísí rè padà nígbà tí wọnbá fẹ̀gbẹ́kẹ̀gbẹ́ pẹ̀lú fáwẹ̀lì mìírànnínú gbólóhùn. Bákannáà ni a ní láti mẹ́nu bà á pé, a kìí fi àwọnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ kanṣeìtẹnumọ́ fúnodidigbólóhùnnínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

12. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) *Kọ́lá fẹ́yàwó lí ẹbúlé rè Kọ́lá fẹ́ ìyàwó lábúlé ni

(b) *Kọ́lá fẹ́yàwó lí ẹbúlé sí Kọ́lá fẹ́ ìyàwó ní abúlé ni

(d) *Kọ́lá fẹ́yàwó lí ẹbúlé pa Kọ́lá fẹ́ ìyàwó ní abúlé ni

(e) Kọ́lá fẹ́yàwó lí abúlé wà Kọ́lá fẹ́ ìyàwó ní abúlé ni

(ẹ) Mofẹ́ la fẹ́yàwó wà Mo fẹ́ lọ fẹ́yàwó ni.

Àpẹẹrẹ 12(a-d) jẹ́ aláìṣeégbà nítorí pé wúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ‘rè’, ‘sí’, ‘pa’ kò le ìtẹnumọ́ fúnodidigbólóhùnní ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Àpẹẹrẹ 12(e-ẹ) ṣàfihàn pé àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ‘wà’nìkanni a lè lò láti fi ṣeìtẹnumọ́ gbólóhùnnínú ẹ̀ka-èdè náà.

Àkíyèsí tún fi hàn pé àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ‘rè’àti ‘wà’kìí jẹ yọ tẹ̀lé atọ́ka ìbéèrè lèàtiibièyí tí atọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ‘sí’àti ‘pa’máa ń jẹ yọ pẹ̀lú lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. Nítorí náà 13(a-e) jẹ́ aláìṣeégbà nígbà tí 13(ẹ-g) sì jẹ́ aṣeégbà nínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá.

13. Ẹ̀gbá Yorùbá Àjùmọ̀lò

(a) *Lèrèó wí báà? Ta ni ó wí bẹ́ẹ̀?

(b) *Lè wàyún? Ta ni ó lọ?

(d) *Ibi rè ó dà? Ibo ni ó dà?

(e) *Ibi wà ó dà? Ibo ni ó dà

(ẹ)Lèsíó wí báà? Ta ni ó wí bẹ́ẹ̀?

(f) Lè pa máayún? Ta ni ó máa lọ?

(g) Ibi sí ó dà? Ibo ni ó dà?

6.0 Ìgúnlẹ̀ (Conclusion)

Nínú iṣẹ́ yìí, a tiṣeàgbéyẹ̀wò àtiàpéjúweàwọnatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ tó máa ń jẹ yọ nínú gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. A fi ìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ pé ìṣẹ́ yìí jẹ́ ọ̀kanláraìdáhùnsí gbàjarè Awóbulúyi (1998) tí ó ta àwọnonímọ̀ ẹ̀dá-èdè Yorùbá lólobó látimáaṣeìwádìí síwájú síilórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Yorùbá. Nínú iṣẹ́ yìí, a ṣeàwárí oríṣiàtọ́ka gbólóhùnàkíyèsí alátẹnumọ́ mẹ́rinnínú ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá; ‘rè’, ‘sí’, ‘pa’àti ‘wà’. Ohun tó túnwúnilórí nípaatọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá ni pé ó niààyè tí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan wọ́n timáa ń jẹ yọ.Bákannáà ni wọ́n sì ní irúfẹ́ àwọnwúnrẹ̀n gírámà tí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan wọ́n má ń jẹ yọ pẹ̀lú. Àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ‘rè’niàwọnolùṣọ ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá le lò fàlàlà jù, àtọ́ka ìtẹnumọ́ ‘wà’ni ó sì tẹ̀lé e, nígbà tí ‘sí’àti ‘pa’máa ń sáábà jẹ yọ nínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè, tí a sì túnrí ìjẹyọpọ̀ àwọnméjéèjì nínú gbólóhùnìbéèrè tó ní wúnrẹ̀n atọ́ka àìsẹtánbárákú àtiàìṣetánìbẹ̀rẹ̀ nínú ibá-ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ lẹ́ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. A gbọ́dọ̀ mẹnubà á pé,iṣẹ́ sì kù jabúratalórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá. A lérò pé iṣẹ́ yìí yóò jẹ́ àtẹ̀gùnfúnàwọnonímọ tàbí olùwádìí tó bá fẹ́ ṣiṣẹ́ lórí ẹ̀ka-èdè Ẹ̀gbá lọ́jọ́ iwájú.

Ìwé Ìtọ́kasí (References)

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A Descriptive Analysis of Focus Markers in Ẹ̀gbá Dialect ÀpèjúweÀwọn Atọ́ka Gbólóhùn Akíyesí Alátẹnumọ́ Nínú Ẹ̀ka-Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

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A Descriptive Analysis of Focus Markers in Ẹ̀gbá Dialect ÀpèjúweÀwọn Atọ́ka Gbólóhùn Akíyesí Alátẹnumọ́ Nínú Ẹ̀ka-Èdè Ẹ̀gbá

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Contents

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Photos: English Name, Botanical Name, and Hausa Name of Some Fruits Found in the Hausa Land

The Hausa Indigenous Fishing Gear Transfer: Influence Of Sarkanci On Fishing Among Nupe And Jukun Tribes

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