Article Citation: Bashir Abdullahi (2020). A History of Tsetse Clearance Campaign in Kaduna, 1914- 1956. DEGEL: The Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1. ISSN 0794-9316
A HISTORY OF TSETSE CLEARANCE CAMPAIGN IN KADUNA, 1914-1956
By
Bashir Abdullahi
Abstract
The British assemblage of people from different places
for the promotion of colonial infrastructures and economy in the first decades
of the 20th century set in motion forces for the production of
material life in areas like Kaduna. However, it unconsciously promoted the
spread of endemic tsetse fly menace to epidemic proportion in the area. The
paper observes that Tsetse clearance campaign in Kaduna was more than a
settlement scheme. It also argues that the Kaduna tsetse clearance campaign has
other salient motives like herders’ attraction, vegetable foods production,
timber supply; establishment of viable population that triggered microeconomic
activities in the scantily populated Iya (later Makera) District, the home
district of Kaduna town.
Introduction
On the eve of the amalgamation of the protectorates of
Nigeria in 1913, it was found out that Zungeru and Lagos were unsuitable as the
headquarters of Protectorates of Nigeria. Site 219 (218¾),[1] an
excellent location around Baro-Kano railway mileage, where the bridge crosses
River Kaduna[2],
was realized to be the most appropriate for the new headquarters. The site
which is central to the whole of Nigeria has abundant water supply and an
incomparable good climate. The site which was named Kaduna was characterized by
virgin bush and Kurmi that were
dangerous to human health.[3]
The virgin bush had abundant woods that included Raphia sudanica (Tukurwa),
Landolphia florida (chiwo), Mangifera indica (mangoro), Afzelia Africanaa
(kawo), Tamarindus indica (tsamiya), Eugenia Oweriensis (malmo), Oxytenanthera
abyssinica (gora), and Phoenix reclinata (kajinjiri).[4] The
bush is also crisscrossed by tributary streams of River Kaduna - Rafin Romi,
Rafin Rigasa, Rafin Munchi, Rafin Kwaro, Rafin Tukurwa, Rafin Birki, Rafin Kawo
and Rafin Tabo - that were highly imbedded with tsetse fly,[5]an
insect that served a formidable force against human migration into Kaduna for
long time. This explained the scanty population of the area by few Gbagyi as
well as some scores of Hausa and Fulani most of whom were dry season migrants.
[6]
In 1914, the Public Works Department (PWD) mobilised
labourers for the laying of pioneer edifices necessary for the inhabitation of
colonial administrators in Kaduna.[7]
These were additions to the workers working for railway related projects and
military personnel in the area. The transfer of the departments of Public
Works, Agriculture and battalion of West African Frontier Force (WAFF) in 1915
to Kaduna included the Europeans.[8]
The movement of Lieutenant-Governor of Northern Provinces, other administrative
staff, clerks and artisans in 1917 had not only further stimulated material
life production but manifestation of tsetse fly menace in the new capital.[9]
Another effect of these series of migration into
Kaduna was increased need for foods supply. This need was indispensable since
the migrants were devoid of complementary food produced by the community
(existing or migrants). It even became alarming as the few available farming community
(Gbagyi) met in the area, though too few to provide food needs of the new
Capital, engaged in instant emigration in order to avoid colonial authorities,
taxations and forced labour.[10]
The effect of the disproportion between the colonial workforces and agrarian
community started showing in 1915. It was noticed that ‘there was cause for
some slight anxiety’ about food supply to ‘the market at the new Capital for
not being well supplied up to July’. This posed imminent danger to the food
supplies. Though grain requisition from parts of Northern Provinces had
relatively solved food problem among the labouring community in Kaduna,
provision of vegetables and animal products related foods of European’s
standard remained a challenge to the British officials who cared more about
sanitary and food composition of their daily meal. Being mostly perishable,
these types of foods could not be easily brought from a far place.[11]
This threw question about the potentiality of the soil in Kaduna which was
mostly boggy and crisscrossed by streams, an ideal setting for the production
of vegetable foods. Nevertheless, the environs of Kaduna were choked by
trypanosomes which must be removed before fadama
of the area could be tilled.[12]
This informed the launching of tsetse clearance campaign in which convenient
immigrants’ farmers attracted into Kaduna for forest work and vegetable foods
production from fadama therein.[13]
The
Headquarters of Kaduna and its Challenges
The selection
of Kaduna, spacer settlements as suitable Capital of Northern Protectorate of
Nigeria in 1913 by the British colonialists was confronted by numerous
challenges. These included deadly parasites (mostly tsetse and mosquito flies)
embedded streams[14]
and pools,[15]
scarce farming and revenue generating communities for the running of
unpopulated Iya District, the home District of the new headquarters. However
availability of virgin fadama[16]
in the environs of Kaduna presented good agricultural potentials, but heavy
woods and tsetse fly menace could not allow easy access to the Kurmi[17]
ridden area.[18]
The recorded cases of tsetse fly infection started manifesting in Kaduna since
1914,[19]
and it became alarming in 1918 when a European farmer contacted Trypanosomiasis following a farming
activity around rafin Rigasa.[20]
The Trypanosomiasis
is caused by tsetse fly,[21]characteristics
of which are portrayed in the following excerpt:
Tsetse fly is a brown or dark fly of
about 6 to 13mms. It usually projects its proboscis horizontally forwards in
front of its head. The wings are never spotted but are either transparent or
smoky brown, and ribbed with vein. It causes sleeping sickness. It has many
species, glossina morsitan, glossina
palpalis and glossina tachinoide. The typical tsetse concentration haunt is
pool of permanent water, in a heavily populated area near stream with clumps of
surviving riverine vegetation.[22]
The Glossina
Palpalis is tsetse fly species that fed on man and few reptiles. It was the
serious vector of human sleeping sickness.[23]
While the spotty Glossina morsitans
did not cling to streams as the Glossina
Palpalis, it carried nagana, or
animal Trypanosome.[24]
It was common in unsettled areas, particularly wooded ones where game was
plentiful.[25] The other, Glossina tachinoides solely survived in a heavy riverine forest
choked with Tukurwa Palm.[26]
Tsetse fly was usually found in riverine area, clump of mango and Tukurwa (palm trees), the fovourite
haunt of tsetse fly in Kaduna. The tsetse fly bite transmits protozoan known as
trypanosome into the blood of man or animals. In man, some of these blood
parasites produce sleeping sickness
(Trypanosomiasis). ‘Other trypanosomes cause nagan disease in horses, game and cattle. The disease causes
swelling of cervical glands and, ultimately, somnolence and death’.[27]
In order to rid Kaduna of tsetse menace, detachment of
RWAFF ‘on fatigue operation’[28]
and labourers from Sanitary Department were engaged for Defensive tsetse fly
clearance[29]
and re-slashing campaigns.[30]
The exercise was aimed at safe-guarding the populations of Kaduna from attacks
by tsetse fly during the course of their normal work, or while travelling along
the trade routes. It sought to reduce man-fly contact to negligible proportions
by removing the riverine vegetation which enable tsetse to penetrate the areas
frequented by man.[31]
This opened the cleared areas for Europeans farmers who tried vegetable
farming. However, the European fadama
farming was short-lived because of the disastrous trypanosome infection of the
soldiers and the farmers in the area as graphically portrayed in the following
excerpt in which W. B. Johnson, the Medical Officer, Kaduna wrote on the 29th
May 1920:
I have the honour to inform you that
a soldier, Pte. Karima of “D” Coy Nigerian Regiment was admitted to the native
hospital Kaduna on May 19th and Trypanosomes were found in his
blood. The only occasion on which this soldier exposed to tsetse bites was
during a fatigue for cutting ‘tukurwa’
in a Kurmi (Rigasa forest) about 2 to
3 miles from Kaduna, on April 20th. This Kurmi is heavily infested with tsetse. And it was even extremely
likely from this Kurmi that a
European officer developed Trypanosomiasis
in 1918, after he had taken some farm land.[32]
The disastrous consequence of the Defensive Clearing
Method was not the only problem of the British, but cost which was heavy on the
purse of British imperialists considering that World War 1 had nearly pushed it
into bankruptcy.[33]
Not only that, the re-growth of shrubs such as Dichrostachys nutans (dundu) and Vernonia amaygdalina (shuwaka),
and climbers i.e. Ipomea sp. (yaryadi)
had continued to promote tsetse fly re-emergence, thereby making the whole
method inefficient.[34]
As a result, Aggressive Tsetse Clearing was conceived
as permanent solution to tsetse fly menace. The Aggressive Tsetse Clearing is
an expert removal of Tsetse fly dry-season sanctuaries[35]through
the ‘systematic creation of tsetse free belt and extension of cultivation of
vegetables around Kaduna’.[36]
This new approach was hit by shortage of man power in Kaduna in particular and
Zaria Emirate in general who suffered from incessant labour request since the
beginning of railway construction,[37] a
development that exhausted its agrarian population and leaving no surplus
farmers (or farm hunger). [38]
This left the Aggressive Tsetse Clearing campaign with no available labourers
for attraction. [39]
Against this backdrop, forest regulations and
restrictions against cutting and selling of woods were lifted.[40]
This was followed by a scheme, in which prospective farmers from Northern
Provinces were invited for tsetse clearing campaign and fadama commercial farming within the 10 mile radius of Kaduna. The
interest of the British on the scheme was demonstrated in a series of letters
sent by the Acting Principal Medical Officer to the Secretary, Northern
Provinces.[41]
In a letter addressed to all the Residents in the Northern Provinces dated
February, 1920, the Secretary wrote:
With a view to encourage native farm
settlements round Kaduna, it has been decided to grant five years exemption
from taxes to all immigrants farmers who settle within the 10 mile radius. His
honour wishes that Native Administrations in your provinces to be informed of
this scheme and requested to give it wide publicity. That, Residents might find
it convenient to suggest Kaduna as desirable place of residence, on grounds of
both of economy and of lack of facilities for intrigue, for deposed chiefs, for
whom a change of locality may be desirable without recourse having to be had to
actual deportation[42]
A pilot scheme, tsetse clearance operation with some
sixteen migrant farmers from Zaria Native Authority proved successful as they
cleared tsetse fly threat from the limit of Kaduna station.[43] However,
scheme was trailed by suspicion and fear of compulsory labour conscription and
tax payment in the new Capital from intending migrant farmers.[44]
This is indicated by an excerpt from 1923 archival record below:
That some persons are going about informing intending
farmers that offer held out to them is merely a trap:
a)
To catch them for railway labour
b)
To make them pay tax.[45]
In order to douse the suspicion and fear of the
intending migrant farmers, a stratagem, the situation of Tudun Wada, west of
European reserve, was (among other things) envisaged by authorities. The
tactics behind this envision was that it could attract, ‘from within and
outside, more Hausa settlements’ into Kaduna.[46]
This was followed by assessment visits by individuals[47] and
representatives of Benue and Kano Native Authorities. After satisfying with the
farming potentials of Kaduna, batches of able-bodied Tiv arrived on a free
train from Makurdi, Benue province in 1926, 1927, 1928 and 1929[48]
The Tiv were trailed by farmers from Kano[49] who
were impressed with the potential of Kaduna for onion cultivation.[50]
The farmers were subsisted with £250 settlement scheme round Kaduna vote and
partly by £150 from Kano N. A. [51]
This was followed by individual migrations majorly
from different Zaria N.A. Many farmers from Birnin Gwari axis moved in to
Kaduna for commercial agriculture.[52]
Among these farmers was Malam Adamu, the first settler in Unguwan Sunusi. When
he arrived he was personally requested by the Kaduna Native Authority to
cultivate Ramaa (sour leaves) and yakuwa (red sorrel) along the eastern
bank of rafin Rigasa.[53]
An informant, Nuhu Waziri stated that his grand-father, Asheu Usman and his
children moved to Kaduna and took up commercial farming.[54]
Another informant, Muhammadu Kabala asserted that in every dry-season, farmers
from Kano and Katsina came and raised gardens in Kaduna for vegetables crops
production.[55]
The inflow of migrants made Kaduna Native Authority sent officers from
agricultural department around distributed varieties of vegetables seeds:
onions, tomatoes, spinach, garden egg, okro, sweet corn etc. [56]
This impressive development elated
Lieutenant-Governor, Northern Provinces who redirected Residents to engage in
attracting more ‘suitable people’ to Kaduna as farmers. He enjoined them to
send more of labourer type, married and unmarried young stars that can work
hard and accumulate sufficient money for a dowry.[57]
Deposed chiefs from different parts of northern provinces were encouraged to
settle in Kaduna. Ex-Waziri of Sokoto and Ex- Emirs of Madagali and Keffi all
had along with their sympathizers settled in Kaduna as farming communities.[58]
In 1945, the demobilized World War II soldiers were
deliberately settled at the peripheries of Kaduna where they engaged in bush
clearance after which they acquired farmlands. These areas included Kawo and
Unguwan Sunusi.[59]
Similarly, some demobilized soldiers of Gbagyi extractions carried out Tsetse
clearance operation to the south of Rigasa. This did not only attract more
Gbagyi into the area, but more and longer stay of Fulani settlements.[60]
This led to the development of Nariya settlement.[61] The
settlement of Fulani in Nariya was congruent to the latter’s proximity to the
old Kaduna-Abuja-Ilorin cattle route and the old Fulani settlement (Kadi) to
the west of Kaduna. A colonial record below graphically captured the
significance of tsetse fly clearance campaign and its relation to the
activities of Fulani nomads in the area:
Herds supplying Kaduna with milk
were grazing all along the Kaduna during February where they can find
comparatively fly free watering places. It is hoped that sleeping sickness
service can undertake limited stream clearings to attract more Fulani cattle
and to ensure that Gwaris whose villages and farm camps are now on fly free
sites are not exposed to infection while drawing water. Sleeping sickness service
would confine Gwari to limited farming areas, where they would cultivate each
piece of land for a much longer period considering that manuring will take
place from cattle that make usual night stops.[62]
The increased migration and longer stay of cattle
Fulani into the area created symbiotic relation between Gbagyi and Fulani as
latter’s cattle fed on the available corn stalks in the former’s farmlands
whose fertility was enhanced by the cattle dung. This development confined
Gwari to limited farming areas, since they could now cultivate each piece of
land for a much longer period (without depreciation of the land fertility)
because of manuring from dung. It was not only manure nomads
provided to the farmers, but milk to the general population of Kaduna town.
[63]
Some Impacts of
Kaduna Tsetse Clearance Campaign
The social and economic impacts of tsetse clearance
campaign and farming settlement project in Kaduna were not far-fetched. Apart
from the very labourers that formed the original settlement of labour camp at
Unguwar Ciyawa[64](later
Tudun Wada) in 1914, all the other scattered settlements West of the rail line
cropped up as a result of tsetse clearance campaign of the 1920. These
settlements included Unguwan Munshi,[65]
Unguwan Waziri, Unguwan Kanawa, Angwan Bita, Angwan Birki, Angwan shanu, Angwan
Harsashi (Sic.) and Unguwan Malam Adamu (now Unguwan Sunusi) emerged at the
periphery of Kaduna town in late 1930.[66]
This increased the population of Kaduna and municipal activities therein. By
1927, population of migrant farmers[67] in
Kaduna reached 554[68]and
in ‘1930, 3072’[69]
a very promising figure for socio-economic activities and revenue generation
for Kaduna town.
The economic impact of Tsetse Clearance Campaign and
migrant farmers is not unconvincing as it boosted microeconomic activities in
Kaduna. Additional market at Tudun Wada in 1926 developed to complement the
existing ones at Kaduna Junction and Doka. These three markets got additional
stalls where foodstuff, fruits, vegetables and animal products related foods;
mutton, beef, fresh and sour cow milk were sold.[70]
This greatly simplified the supply of meat to Kaduna residences especially with
additional bush meat provided by hunters among the farmers.[71]
Tsetse Clearance Campaign provided Kaduna with an agrarian
population it needed for food production. It increased agricultural activities
in Kaduna town particularly with the introduction of rice and yam cultivation.
This ‘greatly reduced the prices of foodstuffs, which have been lower than at
any time subsequent to the World War 1’.[72]
More importantly, the scheme set a permanent tradition of vegetables farming
and marketing around Kaduna. By 1940, many vegetable commodities selling
points, some of which were right at the vicinities of streams (or farm
doorsteps) around Kaduna developed.[73]
An informant, Jibrin Usman stated that his father, Tankon Kauye was a
major dry season farmer and supplier of vegetables (mostly spinach) to police
and military before 1960 at Doka and Kaduna junction markets. He asserted that
Europeans had vegetables buying agents at these markets. Credit for the
establishment of various vegetables market points in the present day Kaduna
most go back to the settlement scheme.[74] Fadama crops became second to grains at
different markets where Europeans, Prison, military and police bought dietary
(varieties of) foods.[75]
Tsetse Clearance Operation also provided timber for
building and firewood to the residences of Kaduna. As pointed out earlier,
Kaduna is blessed with abundant woods. The woods which comprised of building
materials like tukurwa, giginya, gora,
maje and rimi provided incentive
to migrant farmers as they could sell some as building and fuel materials.[76]
This further reacted economically when by 1930’s Kaduna Native Authorities
issued permits for cutting timber, wood fuel, gora (stick) and gwafa
(stick with Y ended shape) in the forest around Kaduna. This gave Kaduna
District treasury additional revenue as permits of some produces show below:
Some Forest
Products and their Permits in Kaduna in December, 1954
|
Produce |
Quantity |
Permit |
Produce |
Quantity |
Permit |
|
Tukurwa pole |
100 |
16/- |
Maje for Turmi |
1 |
10/- |
|
Gwafa pole |
100 |
16/- |
Rimi |
1 |
10/- |
|
Gora |
100 |
2/- |
Giginya |
5 |
5/- |
|
Tukurwa for Bammi |
2 |
10/- |
wood fuel |
46 |
3/- |
Sources: ZAR NA 189, Kaduna firewood, p. 368
This led to the development of timber markets at the
periphery of Kaduna. The markets provided vents for farmers to sell wood fuel,
poles and timber. Among these markets that stand the test of time are Panteka
and Badikko timber markets. [77]
The developments of farming settlements at the margin
of Kaduna Township (building free-zone) distorted the township plan conceived
in 1917.[78]
The 1917 plan accommodated only two settlements: Europeans town and that of
Sabon Gari where Africans found settlement. The town was re-planned in 1938,
and areas hitherto regarded as building free zones were marked as Urban
Districts (Unguwan Sarki and present Sir Kashim Ibrahim House Area).[79]
The western boundary of Kaduna Township was extended beyond the railway and
River Tukurwa to the present day Sokoto road up to the present day Kaduna State
Government House. Therefore, Kaduna came to encompass European Reserves, Sabon
Gari, Urban Districts and Tudun Wada which held majority of the farming
settlements. The distortion of Kaduna master plan by migrant farmers’
settlement became worrisome in 1956 when Kaduna became statutory Capital
Territory. Mr. S. McCallum, the then Kaduna District Officer, raised concerns
over the distortion and even called for some forms of peri-urban control over
the land outside the future boundary of Kaduna Township.[80]
Conclusion
The Kaduna Tsetse Clearance Campaign which was
primarily introduced in 1920 with the sole purpose of clearing tsetse fly
menace and establishing fadama farming
was able to create tsetse fly free belt within 10 mile radius of Kaduna. The campaign
established people of northern Nigeria origin particularly Hausa dominance in
Kaduna. It turned the surroundings of Kaduna ideal for timber products and also
a vegetable foods producing area. It also attracted more and longer stay of
cattle Fulani who provided manure to the said farmers and milk to the general
population of Kaduna. By 1930s, these farmers became engine room of micro
socioeconomic activities, a development that spelled boom to revenue purse of
Kaduna Native Authority. Though this was not with some implication for it set
in motion a development of unplanned structures in Kaduna township.
References
Max, L &
Partners, M. (1967). A Survey and Plan of the Capital Territory for the
Government of Northern Nigeria. London: Fable and Faber
Miner H.
(1994), “Talking on Sleeping Sickness in Colonial Nigeria, The Anchau
Development and Resettlement Scheme of Rural Zaria”, Boston: Q Press
Muhammed I. K.
(1995), “Historical Survey of T/Wada (Kaduna) 1912-1994”, B. A. Thesis,
Department of History, Bayero University, Kano.
Oyedele E.
(1997) “Colonial Urbanization In Northern Nigeria: Kaduna 1913-160”, PhD.
Thesis Department of History, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
Philip A. (2010), “A History of Electricity
and Water Supply in Selected Northern Nigerian Cities: A Comparative Study of
Lokoja, Jos and Kaduna”, C. 1900-1960. M.A. Thesis, Department of History,
Bayero University, Kano.
Salau M. B.
(1992) “A Political and Economic History of an Urban Settlement: A case study
of Kawo – Kaduna 1913 – 1980”, M.A. Thesis Department of History, Ahmadu Bello
University Zaria.
Sirajo H.
(2015) “A History of District and Local Government Administration in the
Northern Districts of Zazzau Emirate, C. 1902 – 1976”, PhD. Thesis Department of History, Ahmadu
Bello University Zaria.
[1]
NAK/SNP 7 4087/1913/ The
Cantonment Proclamation Question, Draft, p. 2
[2] River Kaduna is
‘550 Kilometres distance Tributary of River Niger with its fountainhead located
at Vom near Jos Plateau. After adopting upriver S shape meandering, the river
meets Niger at Mureji Near Pategi’. See H. Sirajo (2015) “A History Of District
And Local Government Administration In The Northern Districts Of Zazzau
Emirate, C. 1902 – 1976”, PhD. Dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Footnote 66, page 57
[3] NAK/SNP 15-ACC 191(A) Proposed Site for Headquarters
N.P. (B) Kaduna Capital (1914), Enclosure NO.1 to dispatch Nigeria NO. 100 of
29 May, 1913 and NAK/SNP17 10222 Vol. 1, NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, Continuation sheet
NO. 18 of 2060/1920
[4] NAK/SNP17 10222
Vol. 1, Kaduna Clearing of Tsetse Area (2) Encouragement to Settlement within
10 Miles Radius of Kaduna, p. 2
[5] NAK/SNP17 10222
Vol. 1, Kaduna Clearing of Tsetse Area (2) Encouragement to Settlement within
10 Miles Radius of Kaduna, Pp. 1-5
[6] Max Lock and
Partners(1967) A Survey and Plan of the
Capital Territory for the Government of Northern Nigeria, Fable and Faber
Limited, London, p. 21
[7] NAK/SNP/10/410P/1914 Annual
Report, p. 17
[8] NAK/SNP 10
138P/1916 Zaria Province Report, p.11
[9] NAK/SNP 10795/ VOL 2/Gazetteer Of
Zaria Province, p. 46
[10]
NAK/ZAR/PROF/2745/1917/
Zaria Province Annual Report No. 71 for 1917 by Migeod, Acting Resident, p. 8
[11] NAK/SNP
10/107P/1914 Annual Report NAK/SNP 10 138P/1916 Zaria Province Report, p. 11
[12] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, p. 45
[13] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, p. 11
[14] NAK/SNP 7 4087/1913/ The Cantonment Proclamation Question, p. 24
[15] NAK/SNP 7 4087/1913/ The Cantonment Proclamation Question, p. 24
[16] Fadama is an impure darker-brown and
highly nutritious soil around river or stream.
[17] Kurmi is a deep waterlogged thicket or
gulley enclave enveloped by woods around or on the centre of a stream. It can
be simply seen as a heavily wooded riverine forest.
[18] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, Pp. 1-4
[19] H. Miner (1994), “Talking on
Sleeping Sickness in Colonial Nigeria, The Anchau Development and Resettlement
Scheme of Rural Zaria”, Boston, p. 7
[20] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, Copy, The Ag:
Principal Medical Officer N. P., May, 29th 1920
[21] NAK/ZAR/ PROF/ 4079, p.5
[22] NAK/ZAR/PROF/1769/Tsetse Control
and Clearing General Correspondence (1942-1955) by T. A. M. Nash, Revised
Edition; 1937, p. 1
[23] NAK/ZAR/PROF/1769, p.3
[24] H. Miner (1994), p. 3
[25] H. Miner (1994), p. 3
[26] NAK/ZAR/PROF/1769,
p.3
[27] H. Miner (1994), Chapter 111, p 1
[28] Fatigue operation is an activity
undertaken by soldiers in the forest around Kaduna. It entails woods cutting
and bush clearance. Fatigue operation is more of punishment than normal
military routine exercise.
[29]Tsetse fly clearance is a hard
labour demanding forest operation that entails shrubs and trees (tsetse haunts)
cutting, and clearance of grasses along river Kaduna and its tributary streams.
It also includes re-slashing of re-grown shrubs and climbers.
[30] Tsetse fly re-slashing is
re-clearing of re-grown shrubs ( Shuwaka-Vernonia
amygdalina and Dundu-Dichrostchys)
and climbers (Chuwo-Landolphia and Yaryadi-Ipomea) after initial clearance.
[31] NAK/ZAR/PROF/1769, p. 4
[32] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, The Ag:
Principal Medical Officer N. P., May, 29th 1920
[33] A. Philip (2010), “A History of
Electricity and Water Supply in Selected Northern Nigerian Cities: A
Comparative Study of Lokoja, Jos and Kaduna”, C. 1900-1960, p. 99
[34] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222, The Ag:
Principal Medical Officer N. P., May, 29th 1920
[35] NAK/ZAR/PROF/1769/ p. 4
[36] NAK/SNP/17/ 10
222, Continuation sheet NO. 18 of 2060/1920
[37] Later by Public Works Department
(PWD) and other Europeans and Non-European Firms for their various works in the
new Capital
[38] NAK/SNP/17/ 10
222, Continuation sheet NO. 18 of 2060/1920
[39] NAK/SNP/17/ 10
222, Continuation sheet NO. 18 of 2060/1920
[40] NAK/ SNP/ 17/ 10222/Extract From
Minute Paper No. 3292/1923 (N.P), Tour Of Emirate By Secretary.
[41] NAK/ SNP 17 222,
Ag: Principal Medical Officer Northern Provinces, Kaduna, 27. 10. 20
[42] NAK /SNP /17 /10 222, All
Residents, I.G. P. & Command, Memorandum, From the Secretary, Northern
Provinces, Kaduna.
[43] NAK /ZAR/ PROP 2870/ 1922 Zaria
Province Annual Report
[44] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222/Extract from
Pa/1923(N.P)Per No.3292
[45] NAK /SNP /17 /10 222, Extract From
Minute Paper No. 3292/1923 (N. P):- Emir of Zaria Tour of Emirate by Secretary
[46] SNP 17 10 222,
Letter, Tudun Wada Kaduna
[47] Interview:
Muhammad Sani Sunusi, Village Head of Unguwan Sunusi, Kaduna at Unguwan Sunui
on 11/02/17. Age, 70 years old, Corroborated by Nuhu Waziri, at Nuhu Waziri
road, Rigasa, on 24/12/16. Aged 65 years old
[48] NAK/ SNP/ 17/12417 VOL. 1/ Munshi
Colony- Establishment of At Kaduna and SNP/ 17/ 11617 Kaduna Township 1930, p.
5
[49] Because of railway station, Kano
mobilized most of intending migrants from Northern Nigeria
[50] NAK SNP 17 10 222, The Station Magistrate, Kaduna
[51] NAK/SNP 17
11617/1929-1930/Kaduna Township Annual Report p.5
[52] NAK/ZAR/PROP/1769, Agricultural
Utilisation of the Cleared Streams Kaduna- Junction
[53] Interview with Muhammad Sani
Sunusi,
[54] Interview: Nuhu Waziri,
[55] Interview: Muhammadu Kabal,
Dry-season Farmer at Badikko, Kaduna, on 24/03/17. Age, 70 years old
[56] NAK/ ZAR/ PROP/ 1769, Kauna Urban
Area, Tsetse Control
[57] NAK/SNP 17 11617/1929-1930/Kaduna
Township Annual Report, p.5
[58] NAK/SNP 17 11617/1929-1930/Kaduna
Township Annual Report p.6
[59] Interview with Abubakar Shu’aibu
and corroborated by Ibrahim Adamu. Aged 86 years, at Rigasa on 10/01/17.
[60] Group Interview at Zaure (palace
of Sarkin Nariya) and corroborated by Shu’aibu Hassan,
[61] ZAR PROF /FOR/13/Sleeping Sickness
Resurvey, Kaduna and Environs
[62] NAK/ZAR/PROP/4079/ Zaria N.A. Proposed Kagurna Forest
Reserve, p. 6
[63] NAK/ZAR/PROP/4079/ Zaria N.A.
Proposed Kagurna Forest Reserve, p.6
[64] According To Umar Sale And Sergent
Sesi, Unguwar Ciyawa Is A Gbagyi Name For The Area West Of Rafin Tukurwa, Where
Labour Camp Was Set In 1914.
[65] This settlement was later moved to the eastern part of
the town, of Unguwan Rimi
[66] NAK/ZARPROF/
K.6705 VOL. 1 Kaduna Capital Layout Boundary
1928-1948, Estimate of Compensation and NAK/ZAR/PROP/SNP/17/11617/ Kaduna
Township 1930
[67] Read E. Oyedele (1997) “Colonial
Urbanization In Northern Nigeria: Kaduna 1913-160”,PhD. Dissertation, Department of History, Ahmadu
Bello University(ABU), Zaria, I. K. Muhammed (1995), “Historical Survey Of
T/Wada (Kaduna)” 1912-1994, B. A. Dissertation, Department of History, Bayero
University, Kano and M. B. Salau (1992) “A Political and Economic History of an
Urban Settlement: A case study of Kawo – Kaduna 1913 – 1980”, M.A. Dissertation
A B U, Zaria for more on migrant farmers and their settlements.
[68] NAK/SNP/17/ 10 222/Kaduna
Settlement Scheme–Tax Compensation To N. A. 1926/1927
[69] NAK SNP/ 17 11617/, Continuation
Sheet (NO.11617)
[70] ZARPROF /3686/S.1
VOL. 2/ RETAIL PRICES OF LOCAL FOODSTUFFS
[71]
NAK/ZAR/PROF/TRA/1/Market Kaduna, Pp. 1-2 Corroborated ByInterview: Shu’aibu
Abdullahi (Mai Busa) at Rigas, on 21/1/17.
[72] NAK/ SNP/ 17/12417 VOL. 1/ Munshi
Colony- Establishment of At Kaduna
[73] I. K. Muhammed
(1995), “Historical Survey of Tudun Wada, Kaduna” 1912-1994. B. A Dissertation,
Kano, Department of History, Bayero University, Kano, p. 10 and 59
[74] Interview: Jibrin Usman,
Vegetables food seller at Unguwan Dan Galadima on 27/01/17. Age, 85 years old
[75] NAK/ZAR/PROP/SNP/17/11617,
p. 6
[76] ZAR PROF
2745/1917 Report,
[77] NAK/ZAR NA 189, Kaduna firewood
, p. 368
[78] NAK/ZAR/PROF K.
6705 VOL. 1/Kaduna Township Lay-Out
[79] NAK/ZAR/PROF K.
6705 VOL. 1/Kaduna Township Government Residential Areas Proposed New Building
Plots, Pp. 1-4
[80] NAK/ZAR/PROF/C.8
/1954, New Kaduna Capital: Boundaries
The official website of the DEGEL Jounal is https://www.degeljournal.com
0 Comments