Understanding the Use of AI in Higher Education: Guides for Teaching English in African Settings

This article is published in AL-QALAM Journal of Languages and Literary Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2025 (A Publication of the Department of English and Literature, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria)

UNDERSTANDING THE USE OF AI IN HIGHER EDUCATION: GUIDES FOR TEACHING ENGLISH IN AFRICAN SETTINGS

By

Jibril Lawal PhD

College of Continuing Education, Makera, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria

Corresponding Author’s Email and Phone No: jblawali@yahoo.co.uk, jblawal@fcezaria.edu.ng, jiblawal@gmail.com (+234) (0)803 388 6144, (0)805 588 6144, (0)703 993 9990

Abstract

The English language is globally significant and widely used. In today's interconnected world, proficiency in English is crucial for global citizenship. The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools can help in achieving international standards for teaching and learning English. This study examines the advantages of using AI in teaching English as a second language to meet global standards. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative and quantitative data, including online resources. It identifies AI tools and strategies that can enhance English language education and offers guidance for Nigerian English teachers on integrating AI into their teaching. The findings of this study aim to contribute to the discourse on AI's role in education and to inform educators and policymakers about the benefits and challenges of AI integration in English language instruction. The guide provided in this paper will assist English teachers in effectively incorporating AI into their teaching methods.

Keywords: AI tools, interactive iearning, personalised learning, learning outcomes, digital literacy, higher education

Introduction

To be a global citizen, one needs to possess some global characteristics, especially in communication skills. With the advent of technology in communication, the world has become a global village with virtual communities integrating people all over the world through the media. Teaching English as a second language in Nigeria requires innovative approaches to meet international standards. Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the curriculum can be a game-changer. By leveraging AI tools, English teachers can create personalized learning experiences that cater to individual students' needs. This can be particularly beneficial in Nigeria, where students may have varying levels of English proficiency.

Research has shown that AI can enhance critical thinking skills among Nigerian students (Lawal & Abubakar, 2025). Moreover, AI can collaborate with human teachers to develop engaging lesson plans, activities, and assessments that make learning literature and grammar more interactive (Lawal & Balarabe, 2025). By embracing AI, English teachers can refine their teaching methods and improve student outcomes (Luckin et al., 2016). To achieve this, teachers need to be trained on how to effectively integrate AI tools into their teaching practices. This includes understanding how to use AI-powered platforms to analyze student performance, identify areas of improvement, and develop targeted interventions. By working together with AI systems, teachers can create a more efficient learning environment that prepares students for success in a rapidly changing world.

Literature Review

Research has indicated that AI can promote teaching and learning in many ways (Ibrahim, 2023, Crompton and Burke, 2023). According to them, the effective integration of AI into English language teaching requires careful consideration of curriculum and pedagogical approaches. Teachers can leverage AI tools to personalize learning experiences, provide real-time feedback, and offer designed support to students. However, there are many concerns about the use of AI tools in teaching, including comprehensive understanding of the use of AI in an educational context, job displacement, data privacy and ethics are crucial in the adoption of AI in teaching.

Understanding AI in the Educational Context

Practicing teachers can benefit greatly from incorporating AI tools to facilitate teaching processes and make learning more engaging and accessible. Understanding how AI can be harnessed in an educational setting is even more valuable. Nkambule & Mwapwe (2020) have examined how AI-powered adaptive learning systems can enhance student outcomes in African schools, emphasizing the need for teacher training to effectively integrate AI tools into their teaching strategies. Rose et al. (2020) have assessed the role of AI in education, particularly through the Adaptive Learning Tools System linked to Learning Management Systems (LMS), suggesting that educators prioritize developing AI literacy for seamless integration of AI tools in teaching and learning.

For teachers to harness the full potential of AI tools in enhancing teaching practices and learning experiences, they need to have a deep understanding of these tools and their capabilities. AI in education is all about leveraging machine learning, natural language processing, and data analysis to revolutionize teaching, learning, and administrative tasks (Rose et al., 2020). According to Lawal & Balarabe (2025), AI tools can be game-changers in education, enabling personalized learning, automated grading, and instant feedback. The key is for teachers to understand the strengths and limitations of these tools, as well as the ethical considerations that come with their use (Baker & Inventado, 2014; Xie et al., 2019).

So, what AI tools are available to English teachers? The possibilities are endless, and it really depends on the teacher's creativity and willingness to experiment. Here are some successful AI tools that can enhance English language teaching and learning:

Personalized Learning: AI-driven platforms like Coursera and Edmodo can tailor learning experiences to meet the diverse needs of students. These tools can assess individual student performance and adapt content to fit their learning style, allowing teachers to provide targeted support.

Automated Feedback and Assessment: Tools like Grammarly and Turnitin can provide instant feedback on writing assignments, freeing up teachers to focus on more important tasks. These tools can also offer detailed insights into areas for improvement, helping students refine their writing skills.

Interactive Learning Environments: AI-powered chatbots can facilitate interactive learning experiences, answering students' questions, providing additional resources, and even engaging students in conversational practice.

Grammar and Vocabulary Support: Chatbots can also provide explanations and examples of grammar and vocabulary, helping students improve their language skills. Tools like Mindgrasp can transform educational content into study materials, making learning more engaging and effective.

Khanmigo and Duolingo: These AI-powered learning tools offer personalized tutoring and classroom support, adapting to each student's learning pace and progress.

These AI tools have the potential to revolutionize English language teaching and learning, but what are the practical implications of using them in the classroom? How can teachers harness their power to create more effective and engaging learning experiences?

Implications for Teaching Practice

For teachers to effectively integrate AI tools into their teaching processes, professional training and development is essential and required, as earlier stated. Teachers should familiarize themselves with available educational technologies and pedagogical approaches that align with AI tools. Workshops and training sessions can provide the necessary skills for educators to confidently incorporate AI into their curricula (Daugherty & Powers, 2020). Furthermore, teachers should be mindful of ethical considerations, ensuring that AI use promotes inclusivity and equity in the classroom. As Botha et al. (2020) observes, AI tools can mar or make the teaching and learning processes depending on how teachers understand and make use of the tools. Policymakers are advised to invest in AI-powered learning platforms that can help teachers tailor instructions to meet the yearning needs of their students, especially in model and specialized schools.

Methodology

The intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and learning has sparked a lively discussion in academic circles, with a growing body of research emerging from around the world. While AI is a relatively new field, advanced countries have taken the lead in exploring its potential in education. There are fewer articles and papers, such as unpublished conference papers and journal papers that could be useful to this study, from scholars in Africa. However, in many parts of the world, AI remains a niche area of study, with most literature available online. To better understand the current state of research on AI in language learning, this review takes a systematic approach to identify, analyze, and synthesize existing studies on using AI to teach and learn English.

Database Search

The following academic database, such as ERIC, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Scopus, ProQuest, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science, were used comprehensively, using keywords such as “AI Language Learning Tools”, “Language model,” “language skills” and “intelligible language skills”. Because of overwhelming results in the search, restrictions have to be made to access only relevant data related to Nigeria and Africa.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Studies were included if they focused on the use of AI tools for enhancing learning of English language, published or written in English, and within the last one and half decade (2010 – 2025). Studies that did not address the use of AI in teaching English language in Nigeria or Africa were excluded.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Data were extracted based on themes related to the use of AI (mobile learning, OERs, assistive technology, online learning platforms, etc.), structural elements for language education (infrastructure, content development, teacher training, policy support), and outcomes or impacts reported in the studies.

Quality Assessment: The quality of included studies was assessed based on study design, sample size, methodology, and relevance to the review question.

Guides in Steps in Teaching English in African Settings:

For the purpose of clarity and summary, the following ways have been suggested for the use of AI tools in the teaching of English in African schools:

Leverage AI-Powered Adaptive Learning Platforms for Personalized Pathways

Institutions with LMS or other Adaptive Learning platforms can make good use of the infrastructure to enhance teaching and learning and the following are some suggestions: Research shows that AI-powered adaptive learning platforms can significantly improve learning outcomes by personalizing instruction and catering to diverse needs (Akgun & Greenhow, 2022; Kabudi et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2023). However, this and many other problems may hamper the use of personalized AI-powered tools with a larger group of students for many reasons. This is particularly relevant in African contexts, where students’ needs and prior knowledge may vary widely.

Educators can utilize platforms like Duolingo, Babbel or custom-built AI tutors (as seen in initiatives in Nigeria and Kenya) that adapt to individual student needs and proficiency levels. These platforms can provide tailored exercises, real-time feedback and customized content based on students’ strength and weaknesses.

Utilize AI for Automated Writing Feedback and Grammar Correction

AI tools have revolutionized how teaching essays and extended writing are taught in schools and it has provided and automated ways of generating feedback and grammar corrections as earlier noted. The following can be noted further:

AI tools like Grammarly, have been shown to enhance writing skills by providing immediate and constructive feedback, leading to improved accuracy and confidence in students (Dizon, and Gayed, 2021; Nazari et al. 2021). This can be particularly benefitting in a setting where teachers face a high student-teacher ratio, an overpopulated classroom.

Teachers with a high teacher-students ration can implement AI tools to meet the demand of the population and likely be used Grammarly or similar grammar and spelling checker to provide instant feedback on written assignments. Students can use these tools to identify and correct grammatical errors, improve vocabulary and refine their writing style or skills.

Engage Students with AI-Driven Conversation Practice Tools: There are many AI-driven conversation practice tools and where teachers of English can get access to them and make good use of the tools, learning English would be near natural and internationally intelligible. When it comes to practicing conversations in English, there are several tools that can help. Let us take a look at a few options:

Elsa Speak: This tool is great for improving pronunciation and accent. It provides personalized feedback and a gamified experience to keep users motivated. However, it is mainly focused on pronunciation, rather than full conversations.

ChatGPT (Voice Mode): This tool offers real-time conversation practice with a natural flow. It is perfect for practicing fluency, but unfortunately, voice mode is not available on mobile apps yet.

SpeakPal AI: This tool provides interactive English-speaking practice with daily challenges and rewards. It is a great way to stay engaged and improve language skills.

Mondly: This tool is ideal for beginners who want to learn basic English conversations. It uses a voice chatbot to simulate daily situations, making it easy to practice conversational skills.

Tandem: This platform connects users with real English speakers for language exchange and practice. It also offers AI-assisted practice with grammar and vocabulary suggestions, making it a great tool for cultural learning.

Google Assistant (English Practice Mode)

This tool offers quick and casual speaking practice with voice activation. While it's great for everyday English practice, it lacks personalized feedback.

There are many AI tools available for teaching English, and the right one will depend on the teacher and the students. Some other options include Duolingo, HelloTalk, Babbel, Rosetta Stone, and more. Research has shown that AI-powered conversational agents can provide valuable speaking practice, improve fluency, and reduce speaking anxiety (Junaidi et al., 2020; Dizon & Tang, 2020). This is especially important in settings where opportunities for authentic English communication may be limited.

Teachers can use AI chatbots or virtual assistants to provide students with a low-pressure environment to practice speaking English. These tools can stimulate conversation, offer pronunciation feedback, and provide vocabulary through interactive dialogues. By using these tools, learners can practice smooth conversations and apply new vocabulary in a more engaging way.

In addition to conversation practice, AI tools can also be used to improve pronunciation through speech recognition and practice. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology has been shown to be effective in improving pronunciation skills in language learners (Kazu & Kuvvetli, 2023). Teachers can use ASR tools to analyze students' pronunciation and provide targeted feedback, helping them practice words and sentences with immediate correction on intonation and accent.

Use AI for Pronunciation Improvement through Speech Recognition and Practice

Speech recognition and pronunciation are essential in both receptive and productive language practice. Using relevant AI tool, a teacher can make this aspect of language teaching and learning easier, fun, benefitting and providing students with internationally intelligible models for practice in spoken language and listening to others.

ASR technology has been demonstrated to effectively improve pronunciation skills in language learners (Kazu & Kuvvetli, 2023). Thus, teachers can integrate automatic speech recognition (ASR) tools that analyse students’ pronunciation and provide targeted feedback. Students can practice words and sentences, receiving immediate correction on their intonation and accent.

Facilitate Vocabulary Acquisition with AI-Generated Exercise

According to Li and Wang, (2020) and Hsu et al. (2023), AI can enhance vocabulary acquisition by providing context-dependent and interactive lessons, supporting the memorization and application of new words in different situations, making different meanings. Teachers can use AI tools (like Twee.com’s vocabulary features or others that create flashcards and matching exercises) to generate personalized vocabulary lists and exercises based on reading materials or specific topics. These tools can also track students’ progress and reintroduce challenging words. There are other tools like Memrise that provide extensive practice with native speakers, allowing learners to expand their vocabulary in context, using spaced repetition to help learners retain new words and phrases, making it an effective tool for vocabulary building. Other tools with similar effectiveness are Duolingo, Clozemaster, Anki, and Babbel.

Create Engaging Content with AI-Assisted Lesson Plan

Some few teachers may be using AI-powered tools to create lesson plans and materials (British Council, 2024). However, with an increasing government concern about education and the move to revolutionized teaching, especially in specialized and model schools, teachers will come to terms with using AI-tool to create efficient and effective lesson plans in teaching English as a second language. AI-powered lesson planning tools include Education Copilot, Magic School AI, Edcafe AI, Auto Classmate, etc. These highlight the practical utility of AI in supporting educators’ pedagogical tasks.

Teachers can utilize AI tools to assist in generating lesson plans, creating diverse exercise, or finding relevant examples and resources. This can significantly reduce preparation time and allow teachers to focus more on student interaction (Lawal & Balarabe, 2025).

Promote Reading Comprehension with AI-Generated Questions and Summary

AI can analyze texts and generate relevant questions, aiding in the development of reading comprehension skills (Lawal & Balarabe, 2025; Twee.com). AI tools can provide personalized reading content to individual students’ reading levels, interests and learning needs. It can also support struggling readers, providing scaffolding and accommodations to help them access grade-level content (Warschauer & Matuchniak, 2010). Some other AI tools can enhance text analysis, especially where texts are complex and loaded with higher language diction, providing insights into structure, vocabulary and syntax, which assist students in better understanding of the reading materials.

Teachers can use AI to generate comprehensive questions (open-ended, multiple-choice or true or false) for reading passages or even to summarize complex texts (Rose & Ferschke, 2016). This helps the students to grasp the main ideas and details, and provides teachers with ready-made assessment tools.

Support Multilingualism and Translation with AI Tools

Machine translation is one of the benefits of AI in enhancing the effectiveness of teaching English, especially for understanding cross-cultural communication (Annamalai, 2024; Hockly & Nciky, 2023; Liang et al., 2023; Wei, 2024). Translation of texts from one language to another is made easier with AI-powered translation tools, especially when cross-cultural translation is required to get the exact meaning from the original language.

While the focus is on English, AI translation tools (like Google Translate, DeepL Translate, Papago, Reverso Text Translation, OpenL, Lingvanex and Smartcat) can be used strategically to bridge the gap in understanding for students whose first language is not English, especially in the initial stages of learning or when encountering complex concepts.

Encourage Self-Directed Learning through AI-Driven Feedback Loops

AI significantly impacts English learning by enhancing students’ self-directed learning with instant feedback, promoting autonomy and active engagement (Iain Palopo, 2025; Frontiers, 2023). Instant feedback reinforces learning outcomes that are positive and corrects the negative ones.

Teachers can empower students to use AI tools for independent practice and self-correction. For example, they can use AI to check their own writing, listen to their pronunciation, or get an explanation for grammar rules they do not understand.

Foster Critical Thinking by Analysing AI-Generated Content

While AI offers benefits, concerns exist about its potential to hinder critical thinking, if over-relied upon (Tahzeeb & Raza, 2o22; Yalcin-Incil & Incik, 2022, Lawal and Abubakar 2025). However, with teachers’ ingenuity, AI can be used to develop critical thinking in students (Lawal and Abubakar, 2025).

Teachers of English can engage students in critically evaluating AI-generated text responses. For instance, a teacher can provide an AI-generated essay and ask students to identify strengths, weaknesses and potential biases in the essay. This encourages higher-order thinking skills and digital literacy. Therefore, integrating activities that require critical analysis of AI output is essential in mitigating this risk.

Some Key Challenges in use of AI in English Language Teaching

As we explore the potential of AI tools in teaching English to meet global standards, it's essential to acknowledge the challenges that come with it, particularly in African and Nigerian communities. Here are some key considerations:

Accessibility and Infrastructure: Access to technology and reliable internet can be a significant hurdle, especially in rural areas and among underprivileged teachers and students. To address this, stakeholders should prioritize mobile-friendly, low-bandwidth AI tools and explore offline capabilities where possible.

Teacher Training: Providing teachers with adequate training and support is crucial for effective integration of AI tools into their pedagogy. Governments and private school administrators should invest in teacher training programs that focus on digital literacy and AI tool usage.

Cultural Relevance: It is vital to ensure that AI tools and content are culturally relevant and appropriate for African and Nigerian learners. Teachers must consider the cultural context and adapt AI tools to meet the needs of their students.

Ethical Considerations: AI outputs and content must be handled with care, as they may contain incorrect or irrelevant information. Teachers should address concerns around data privacy, algorithmic bias, and over-reliance on AI tools, promoting a balanced approach.

By thoughtfully implementing these steps, teachers in Africa and Nigeria can harness the power of AI tools to create dynamic, personalized, and effective English language learning experiences. While these steps are suggested, it's essential to remain flexible and adapt to the unique needs of each learning context. The AI tools mentioned here are just a starting point, and many more are being developed to support English language learning.

Conclusion

AI tools present unique opportunities for English teachers in higher education to enhance their teaching practices and support students’ learning process. By leveraging AI tools for personalized learning automated feedback and interactive environments, teachers can significantly impact students’ engagement and academic success. As technology continue to advance, ongoing professional development and ethical considerations will play vital roles in ensuring the effective use of AI tools in the classroom and in African context.

However, teachers in the African context, especially in diversified Nigerian communities, the use of AI in teaching English could be more effective if emerging software technologies are developed to meet the challenging application of technology in teaching in African settings. In addition to that the steps provided are guides that could lead to further innovation, and modification of the steps as guides is encouraged as they are constantly put to use.

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