Exploring Sustainable Funding for Investigative Journalism in Nigerian Media

Cite this article as: Abba M. M., Aminu A. A. & Alhassan M. (2025). Exploring Sustainable Funding for Investigative Journalism in Nigerian Media. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities, 4(1), 53-61. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2025.v04i01.006.

EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE FUNDING FOR INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM IN NIGERIAN MEDIA

By

Murjanatu Mohammed Abba, PhD.

Department of Mass Communication, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

And

Amina Ahmad Aminu

Department of Mass Communication, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

And

Musa Alhassan, PhD.

Department of Mass Communication, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Abstract:

Scholars have identified inadequate financial resources as a major challenge to investigative journalism in the Nigerian media industry, leading to a decline in investigative reporting and weakening the media's watchdog role. Many media organizations in Nigeria still depend on traditional funding sources such as quarterly allocations, spot announcements, and program sponsorships, which are insufficient for costly investigative or undercover reporting. This study explores alternative funding sources for investigative journalism in Nigeria. Using in-depth interviews with four senior journalists from the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and The Guardian, the study finds that media organizations can seek financial support from foreign and local donors, such as the MacArthur Foundation, Wole Soyinka Center for Investigative Journalism, Howard Foundation, CIMA, and Knight Foundation. However, accessing these funds requires well-structured formal applications detailing the proposed project. Additionally, media organizations can generate revenue through sales of packaged programs, journalism training courses, and online advertising for commercial companies. The study recommends that managers of public media stations should provide regular training on investigative reporting, ethical standards, and proposal writing to secure alternative funding for investigative journalism.

Keywords: Funding, Investigative Journalism, Media Outfits, Revenue, Advertisement

Introduction

The main goal of investigative journalism is to maintain and promote the moral ethos and code of existence of societies. Investigative reporting guides the decision-making process of citizens by the power of revelation, mobilization for policy change, public knowledge, ensuring transparency and credibility of a public institution. Investigative journalism is systematic and emphasizes moral and legal wrongdoing in society perpetrated by those in power to harm the common man. For the media to perform quality investigative reportage, it must be editorially independent and financially independent (Oso, 2022). This is because Investigative journalism requires significant resources, including time, manpower, and financial support. Unfortunately, in Nigeria, these resources are often scarce. Theinability of media organizations to allocate sufficient funds for in-depth investigations has resulted in limited coverage of critical issues and the failure to pursue complex stories (Idoko, 2023).

The funding of broadcasting goes beyond the mere provision of the financial means which are necessary for operations, but includes identifying sources of the funds, the way it is provided, and its impact on the station’s operations. Media owners are traditionally individuals or groups that provide funds for running broadcast stations. This means that the media owners are at the same time financiers of their media outfits, whether public or private, and thus, wielda great deal of influence in the stations (Benson, Powers & Neff, 2017).

Experts opposed this influence and warned that any broadcaster that relies primarily on advertising/sponsorship revenue will find it difficult to cater for minorities ' interests and to provide quality programs that are distinctive from the offer of its advertisers. For example, the more dependent a media organization is on advertising revenue the more it will be under pressure to achieve high audience ratings about those sections of the population which are of primary interest to advertisers. This leads to a typical deformation of program schedules. On the other hand, where a broadcaster has to rely primarily on direct state funding, there is the risk that the public authorities or political parties will use this leverage to gain influence over editorial policy. This implies that even without interference, broadcasting organizations may be inclined to please bodies that have decision-making power over their funding (European Broadcasting Union, 2000).

Research Objectives

1. To find out the alternative ways that media stations can utilize for proper funding of investigative journalism?

2. To uncover ways media stations can access funds from donors?

Research Questions

RQ1. What are the alternative ways that media stations can utilize for proper funding of investigative journalism?

RQ2. How can media stations access funds from donors?

Theoretical Framework

The study is based on the philanthropic media model. This model advocates effort by individuals or organizations based on an altruistic desire to improve human welfare. In this case investigative journalism, wealthy individuals and organizations have established private foundations to facilitate human development cause, including investigative journalism. These foundations are Nonprofits organizations set up to support a variety of social causes, such as educational, media, health, scientific, public safety, and human rights. The philanthropic model is, therefore, based on the model of the US ProPublica, which is a nonprofit newsroom particularly dedicated to investigative journalism in the public interest (ProPublica 2018; Molders 2015). In the EU-context also, Corrective is a nonprofit investigative newsroom founded in 2014. Corrective provides investigative journalism for media organizations throughout Germany for free in a way that it encourages the media organizations to use the investigations and stories researched and written by Corrective. The idea is for these media partners to ensure that the research results and the respective stories reach out to society (Lilienthal, 2017). The Non-profit organizations are financed through charitable endowments and donations, and membership fees from readers and users, such as the start-up financing of 3 million Euro for three years provided by the Brost-Foundation (based in Essen, Germany). Another example is the Spanish Civic Foundation, which operates based on donations (non-profit) to monitor public authorities in using innovative methods to collect information and make them freely accessible.

This theory is considered given the huge contributions provided by such non-profit investigative journalism outfits in Nigeria like Wole Soyinka Center for Investigative Journalism and the Premium Times Centre for Investigative Journalism (PTCIJ) who support investigative journalism in Nigeria.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Funding Investigative Journalism

The Executive Director, International Center for Investigative Reporting (ICIR) DayoAiyetan has identified poor funding, public sector corruption, and lack of political will to punish culprits as threats to investigative journalism (ICIR, 2022).

Nwachukwu (1992), observes that for media organizations to survive and operate efficiently it need adequate funding and from variety of sources such as adverts/commercials; government fund/subsidy; public relations services; affiliate compensation; sale of time/space; trade-out arrangements; co-operative advertising; barter arrangement and finally time brokerage.

Athanasius (2017) describes investigative journalists as the most abused on the field by security operatives. Sometimes they get shot, beaten, exposed to various dangers in the cause of their duties. They encounter quite a number of challenges in the real practice. One of such challenges has been the issue of funding which is very fundamental to the success of Investigative Journalism. Radio and television in Europe have partly been funded by commercial revenues (advertisement, sponsorship, product placement and cable subscription) and partly by public funds in form of a license fee and tax grants. In most instances, there is also some limited amount of revenue from royalties, program sales and partnerships, but it usually amounts to a relatively small amount of revenue compared to the total PSB-budget (Berg & Lund, 2012).

Ogbuoshi (2003) identifies other independent sources of funds for media organizations like commercial printing, bulk-delivery services, special projects, advertorials, supplements, subvention, profits, sales of stocks, payment for news items and live coverage of events, loans, cover prices of newspapers and magazines, recording facilities, disposal of back copies of publications, et cetera.

Investigative Journalism can be funded by international donors. He enumerates some notable foreign donors like: The Open Society Foundations (OSF), The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), US State Department, Scandinavian governments, The National Endowment for Democracy, UNESCO, Private foundations, for instance, The Gates Foundation, Knight fellows, Ford Foundation, Natural Resource Governance Institute, Public Private Development Centre and Free Press Unlimited. Donors that come out of the technology industry are making important contributions to foster open data and news applications that can help Investigative Journalism, namely Google, the Knight Foundation, Adessium Foundation,and the Omidyar Network (Kaplan, 2013a).

In 2022, the McArthur Foundation announced grants of S19.2 million to strengthen local and regional investigative journalism and develop a more robust independent media ecosystem across Nigeria to advance accountability, transparency and civic participation (McArthur, 2022). The initiative is aimed at fighting corruption, impunity and lack of accountability which poses major governance challenges in Africa. The beneficiaries of the grants include:

1.      Bayero University, Kano (Kano): To implement a nationwide curriculum for research, teaching, and learning of investigative journalism in partnership with seven other universities; to promote dissemination of investigative reports in local languages; to provide scholarships to female students; and to promote inclusion of persons with disabilities in the study of investigative and data-driven journalism.

2.      Cable Newspaper Journalism Foundation (Lagos): To add fact-checking and a policy tracker to its Policy Radar in Nigeria (PRIN) initiative, which will monitor and address misinformation around the 2023 general elections in Nigeria and track campaign promises, policies, and programs through investigative reporting and data journalism.

3.      Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development (Abuja): To continue trainings of student journalists to track projects across Nigeria and produce investigative reports that focus on state-level corruption; facilitate collaborations with fact-checking and public health organizations to dispel misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic; and track attacks on the press to galvanize discussions on media freedoms and protections.

4.      The Conversation Africa (Johannesburg): To support an informed citizenry by producing quality information and materials on anti-corruption and accountability with a focus on Nigeria, bringing a broad African perspective to its research news and analysis.

5.      Daily Trust Foundation (Abuja): To expand training of journalists at the national, state, and local government levels to develop multimedia investigative journalism techniques and support the production of investigative stories across print, digital, and broadcast platforms.

6.      Daria Media Limited (Lagos): To support a radio program called The Searchlight to host town halls in preparation for the 2023 general elections, organize forums on citizens’ civic duties and accountability in a democracy, and document the experience of women participating in politics and government, as well as work with women’s organizations on sexual and gender-based violence reporting, and support young women journalists in holding government officials accountable.

7.      HumAngle Media Limited (Abuja): To use Freedom of Information requests to obtain information on budget approvals and the disbursement of funds in the security and humanitarian sectors to promote transparency and accountability, as well as to provide investigative reporting training and mentoring to young journalists in local communities in northeastern Nigeria, many of whom are women.

8.      International Centre for Investigative Reporting (Abuja): To strengthen the capacity of journalists at the state and community levels to report on budget and procurement processes and to train early- and mid-career journalists in support of their investigative work.

9.      Media Development Investment Fund (New York): To operate a program in Nigeria to improve the capacity of independent media organizations to generate sustainable and diverse revenue streams and build audiences, particularly in rural areas or in vernacular languages.

10.  St. Ives Communications Limited (Women Radio FM) (Lagos and Ibadan): To create radio programming on corruption and accountability from a gender lens and establish an academy to train female investigative journalists to report on corruption and its impact on women and girls.

11.  Tiger Eye Social Foundation (Accra): To increase corruption investigations on the judiciary in Nigeria; support collaboration among media organizations and professionals to increase the impact of investigative reports; and strengthen partnerships among journalists, anti-corruption institutions, and relevant oversight bodies.

12.  Wadata Media and Advocacy Centre (Abuja): To support investigative journalists working across local languages ahead of the 2023 general elections by opening new investigations to track the use of public funds, hold leaders accountable, and prevent wasteful spending.

13.  Wole Soyinka Centre for Investigative Journalism (Lagos): To expand civic space by supporting more than 20 media organizations and startups to strengthen data-driven, anti-corruption investigative reporting at the community and sub-national levels, as well as enhance journalists’ safety through training in physical and social wellbeing and cyber security.

Research Method

The study applies in-depth interviews to collect data for this study. Roulston (2006) submits that in-depth interview accounts for almost ninety percent of the researches conducted in the social sciences. Gabler (2013) describes it as a form of a non-standard oral interview with relatively large freedom for the interviewer in terms of content and design, which increases the willingness to provide information and the spontaneity of the respondents. The best form for documentation is the dictating machine, or a camera for audio-visual documentation, or a digital audio recorder for radio content analysis. 

The in-depth interview with key informants is used to probe the meanings, identities and contexts under which events take place. It is also used to uncover people’s opinions, motivations, behavior patterns, justifications and reactions (Warwick & Aggleton, 2001). In-depth interviews was conducted with four senior journalists from the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and The Guardian,

The four respondents include two heads of news and two senior journalists working with FRCN and The Guardian Newspaper. The Heads of news were selected in order to provide answers to the numerous ownership and administrative challenges facing investigative journalists in media houses. Also, research has shown that senior journalists who have spent many years in service published most investigative reports in most media outfits in Nigeria (Alhassan, 2022).

Sampling Technique

The researcher applied purposive sampling method using the heads of news and a news editor of both stations who have conducted at least one investigation for the in-depth interview to answer RQ1 and RQ2.

The researcher used purposive sampling to pick onepublic/government media outfit, and one privately owned media. FRCN and The Guardian newspaper were chosen because of their capacity in terms of personnel, equipment, national spread, coverage & financial strength. In addition, FRCN is the first publicly owned radio station, while The Guardian is one of the few relatively long lasting national papers in Nigeria. Technically, the two stations are equipped with modern facilities, online streaming, and personnel capable of conducting Investigative Journalism and providing details of what the research and the researcher desired for future references. The in-depth interview does not make generalizations to a larger population of interest or tend to rely on hypothesis testing. Rather, it is more inductive and emergent in its process (Dworkin, 2012). 

Instruments of Data Collection

The data for this study are collected from the scheduled in-depth interview. The interview schedule is used to collect qualitative data from the interview conducted with the four journalists, i.e., two heads of news and two senior journalists working with FRCN and The Guardian. The schedule comprised of semi-structured questions directly linked to the research questions..

The researcher interviewed the journalists to sample their assessments on the challenges of funding investigative journalism in Nigeria. The data generated from the in-depth interview were presented in two major themes comprising detailed descriptions, direct quotations and observations to answer RQ1 and RQ2 in line with (Boyce & Neale, 2006).

Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion

The qualitative data obtained from the in-depth interview were transcribed, described, and narrated. The audio recordings were played over several times to enable the researchers to capture exactly what the respondents said. Data was transcribed by typing text on the laptop and listening to recordings over and over again to obtain familiarity and generate their meanings. The responses were grouped according to the specific themes at hand, where issues of similarities and contrasts were derived and narrated. Direct quotations were used to give credence to the interpretive write-ups. Thematic analysis is considered the most appropriate for this study because it allows researchers to group relevant themes to enable them to confer accuracy, intricacy and enhance the research’s whole meaning (Boyatzis, 1998). Also, it is a method of analyzing qualitative data, namely a set of texts, such as interview transcripts, inductively (Caulfield, 2019).

Data Presentation

Qualitative data from the in-depth interview are presented in a narrative form like storytelling textual format (Drisko & Maschi, 2015).

Alternative funding of investigative journalism

On alternative funding of Investigative Journalism, the two respondents from FRCN urged media stations to solicit for financial support from donors and development partners in the area of equipment, training, special allowances for investigative journalists from development partners. For instance, in 2022 MacArthur Foundation provided grants of S19.2 million to strengthen local and regional investigative journalism and develop a more robust independent media ecosystem across Nigeria to advance accountability, transparency, and civic participation.

A respondent sheds more light in the following words:

Donors such as MacArthur foundations, WSCIJ, Howard foundation, CIMA, Knight Foundation, Media Impact Funders, The Fund for Investigative Journalism (FIJ), The Premium Times Centre for Investigative Journalism (PTCIJ) and Journalism Funders Forum have succeeded in funding numerous investigative journalism practices across the world.

A respondent from The Guardian suggests that media can also generate revenue through non-advertising means such as subscriptions, memberships, sales of packaged programmes, organizing training courses for people who are interested in journalism as a career, and by setting online sites to advertise products for pay.

Respondents advocated for the establishment of non-profit media organizations to enable them operate independent of outside shareholders, advertisers, and government, relying instead on readers, employees and innovative methods of financing, including crowd-funding:

These non-profit Investigative Journalism organizations are most often sponsored by non-profit think tanks, other news organizations or universities. Nobody is in it for the money. There are no shareholders to satisfy. No media mogul can find a way to milk it dry. If a non-profit generates income, it gets ploughed back into more journalism. Serving the public interest is its sole function, the practice of journalism in its noblest expression.

Another respondent called for the Nigerian government to introduce License Fees and Taxpayer Funding saying:

Nigeria should emulate some countries, particularly in Europe, who fund their public broadcasters through mandatory television license fees or through direct government subsidies. These public broadcasters are often tasked with serving the public interest rather than maximizing profit, and this funding model helps them provide news and programming that may not be commercially viable.

The respondents suggest another means of generating revenue by media stations, that is,the sale of data on audience preferences generated by the media:

Media organizations can generate revenue by selling data about their audiences’ preferences, behaviors, and interests. While this is often done in an anonymous and aggregated manner, it can be valuable for advertisers and marketers.

Researchers and politicians can benefitfrom audience data to sample public opinion on a sensitive issue affecting citizens’ lives.

Ways Media Stations Can Access Funds From Donors

All the respondents agreed that accessing donor funds is possible only after a formal application for funds (complete proposal) to either national or international donor agencies. The respondents advised stations and journalists to be clear about what opportunities are available, be clear about criteria, and try to design an application process that is simpler and easier to comprehend.

One of the respondents advised media/journalists to take note of the following:

The applicant should state precisely the kind of operations designed for the funds. It should also provide a breakdown of the entire expenditure of the project. The proposal should be framed in language that is relevant to the journalism field. Transparency and accountability are critical components of successful funding requests.

It should be noted that donors increasingly seek assurance that their contributions will be used effectively and responsibly. NGOs must therefore be prepared to provide detailed budgets, clear project timelines, and well-defined outcomes in their proposals.

A respondent urges journalists to always align their investigative projects with the International Donor Priorities:

To successfully secure funding, journalists must ensure that their investigative projects align with the priorities of international donors. This requires a thorough understanding of each donor’s mission, goals, and funding criteria. By conducting comprehensive research on potential funders, media organizations/journalists can identify areas of overlap between their objectives and those of the donor.

All the respondents charged the media stations and journalists to develop intimate relationships with the International Donors:

Building strong relationships with international donors is vital for NGOs seeking long-term funding. Establishing trust and rapport can significantly enhance an organization’s chances of securing financial support. This process begins with effective communication; NGOs should proactively reach out to potential donors to introduce themselves and their work.

DISCUSSION

RQ1. What are the alternative ways that media stations can utilize for proper funding of investigative journalism?

The data gathered identified donation as a major source of funding, such as seeking financial support from international donors and development partners. Several well-known organizations, including the MacArthur Foundation, WSCIJ, Howard Foundation, CIMA, Knight Foundation, The Fund for Investigative Journalism (FIJ), and PTCIJ, have provided significant grants to support investigative journalism globally. This supports the idea of seeking external financial backing to ensure robust investigative practices. This concurs with studies by Nwagwu (2015) and Udeze (2020)that argue that international donor funding has emerged as a significant alternative funding source for investigative journalism in Nigeria. For example, the MacArthur Foundation’s $19.2 million grant in 2022 aimed at strengthening local and regional investigative journalism in Nigeria (Drisko & Maschi, 2015) is one example of how donors can help bolster the capacity of Nigerian journalists to undertake impactful investigative reporting. However, donor funding often comes with restrictions and conditions, requiring projects to align with the donor's priorities and objectives, which may limit editorial independence. As noted by Idris (2017).

Other Non-Advertising Revenue Models for the print media include Subscriptions and memberships byencouraging readers to pay for access to premium content, Sales of packaged programs e.g. selling bundled content to consumers, Organizing trainingcourses on journalism to aspiring professionals, Online advertisementsby running websites where businesses pay toadvertise products andSelling Anonymized Audience Datawhich can provide valuable insights for advertisers, marketers, and researchers. This is supported by Ogunyemi (2019)

RQ2. How can media stations access funds from donors?

All respondents agree that media stations can access donor funds only after a formal application process, which involves submitting a detailed proposal to national or international donor agencies.The proposal should provide a breakdown of the project’s budget. It has to be transparent withclear project timelines and well-defined outcomes. It should also align with the priorities of the donor. This means understanding each donor’s mission and goals and identifying areas of overlap. The respondents also emphasized the need for effective communication, proactive engagement, and a clear demonstration of the organization’s values and goals.Inaddition, media stations and investigative journalists should build strong relationships with international donors for long-term fundingas highlighted by Adegoke (2021).

CONCLUSION

Funding investigative journalism in Nigeria is a complex issue, shaped by the country’s political, economic, and media environment. While donor funding, alternative revenue models, and non-profit media organizations offer promising solutions, challenges such as donor dependence, financial constraints, and security risks persist. To sustain investigative journalism, Nigerian media outlets need to diversify their funding sources, adopt new revenue models, and foster stronger relationships with both local and international donors.

The qualitative data highlights various strategies and approaches for alternative funding in investigative journalism. The suggestions range from traditional donor funding to innovative models like non-profit media organizations, non-advertising revenue streams, government funding, and selling audience data. Successful funding requires clear and strategic proposals, alignment with donor priorities, and a focus on building trust and relationships with donors.

Overall, this data provides practical insights into how investigative journalism can adapt to the changing media landscape by diversifying its funding sources and developing strategic partnerships.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The study wishes to make the following recommendations:

1.      Stations to solicit for financial support from donors and development partners in the area of equipment, training, special allowances for investigative journalists such as McArthur foundations, WSCIJ, Howard foundation, CIMA, Knight Foundation, Media Impact Funders and Journalism Funders Forum who fund Investigative Journalism.

2.      Stations can also generate revenue through commercial printing, bulk-delivery of media services, special projects, advertorials, supplements, subvention, profits, and sales of stocks.

3.      The reporters recommend the establishment of non-profit media organizations to enable them operate independent of outside shareholders, advertisers, and government.

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