Cite this article as: Abubakar G.N., Rahman A. A. & Idriss I.D. (2025). The Role of Waqf to Attain Youth Empowerment for Well-Functioning Government and Peaceful Coexistence in Kano. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities,3(3), 72-79. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2025.v03i03.009
THE ROLE OF WAQF TO ATTAIN YOUTH
EMPOWERMENT FOR WELL-FUNCTIONING GOVERNMENT AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE IN KANO
Gwadabe Nura Abubakar
Department of Islamic Studies
Northwest University Kano, Kano
State, Nigeria
And
Asmak Ab Rahman, Ph.D
Department of Shariah and Economy
Academy of Islamic Studies,
University of Malaya
And
Ibrahim Dahiru Idriss
Department of Primary Education
Federal College of Education
(Technical), Potiskum,
Yobe State, Nigeria
Abstract: This study investigates the
potential roles of Waqf institutions in Kano State, Nigeria, in promoting youth
empowerment, social welfare, and public goods to support the establishment of a
well-functioning government. The paper proposes a framework for utilizing Waqf
to enhance youth empowerment in entrepreneurship and human capital development,
contributing to the socio-economic progress and peaceful coexistence of Kano
State. Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed to explore the role of
Waqf in youth empowerment and its contribution to good governance. Structured
interview questions were used to assess the potential of Waqf in facilitating
youth empowerment. The findings reveal a relationship between Waqf, youth
empowerment, and the achievement of a well-functioning government in Kano
State. The study concludes that Waqf-based youth empowerment programs have the
potential to realize key indicators of good governance.
Introduction
A well-functioning government is widely recognized as a
cornerstone of peace and stability within any society. It is essential not only
for maintaining order and justice but also for fostering positive peace, which
goes beyond the mere absence of conflict to encompass the development and
well-being of citizens. A well-functioning government operates with
transparency, fairness, and justice, cultivating trust among the population. It
ensures political stability, upholds the rule of law, and provides an environment
conducive to cooperation and mutual respect (Peace Global Index, 2017).
Particularly significant is the role of government in addressing the needs of
vulnerable groups, such as youth, through empowerment initiatives that enhance
their capacity to contribute to society and achieve personal development.
Public goods, which are integral to a well-functioning government, are unique
in that they are available to all individuals without restrictions or rivalry.
These goods—such as clean air, national defense, or public infrastructure—can
be used by anyone without reducing their availability to others (Budiman,
2014). A government’s ability to provide these essential resources reflects its
commitment to serving the public interest and ensuring the well-being of all
citizens, which in turn strengthens the foundations of peace and prosperity. In
Islamic societies, Waqf institutions have long been regarded as critical
mechanisms for promoting socio-economic welfare. Waqf, which translates
to "religious endowment," refers to the donation of assets or
property for charitable purposes, typically for the benefit of the broader
community (Ayub, Khan, & Ismail, 2024). Historically, Waqf has been
instrumental in supporting community development across a range of sectors,
including religion, education, healthcare, and public infrastructure. During
its peak, Waqf contributed to the construction and maintenance of
mosques, educational institutions, shops, scholarships, libraries, and lodges,
helping to shape the social and economic landscape of Islamic societies (Kahf,
1998). Waqf serves as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation and the
improvement of living conditions in Muslim communities. By channeling resources
from wealthy individuals toward public goods and social welfare, Waqf
institutions reduce the need for government intervention in these areas. The
voluntary nature of Waqf also promotes a sense of shared responsibility among
individuals for the well-being of society, fostering a culture of philanthropy
and social solidarity (Hamzah, 2024). This has been particularly important in
Islamic history, where Waqf institutions played a significant role in
supporting the needs of society from the time of the Prophet Muhammad through
the 19th century. In contemporary times, Waqf institutions continue to make
significant contributions to the socio-economic development of communities.
They are active across various sectors, including the economic, social,
religious, health, and educational sectors, providing a broad network of
support that addresses the needs of individuals and communities (Kapoor Gaurav
et al., 2022). By relying on donations from private individuals for the benefit
of the public, Waqf institutions enable governments to focus their resources on
other critical areas of development. In this way, Waqf acts as a complement to
government efforts, reducing the burden on public finances and allowing for
more efficient allocation of resources. In Kano State, Nigeria, Waqf
institutions have the potential to play a significant role in promoting social
welfare and economic development (Gwadabe & Ab Rahman, 2020). By providing
essential public services such as hospitals, schools, and roads, Waqf
institutions can help alleviate the financial burden on the government. This,
in turn, enables the government to direct its limited resources toward other
developmental projects that can further enhance the well-being of the
population. Moreover, the presence of Waqf institutions in the provision of
social goods reduces the need for government borrowing to finance budget
deficits, which can have negative implications on the national economy.
Excessive borrowing can lead to increased public debt and higher interest
rates, which may hinder private sector investment and stifle economic growth
(Yusuf & Mohd, (2024). Waqf institutions not only relieve the government of
some of its responsibilities but also contribute to a more sustainable and
equitable economic model. The more contributions made to Waqf, the less the
government needs to be involved in providing public goods and services, freeing
up resources for other vital initiatives (Azrai Azaimi Ambrose et al., 2018).
Additionally, the involvement of the private sector, through mechanisms like
Waqf, allows for more innovative and efficient approaches to economic growth.
In a globalized economy, encouraging private sector participation is essential
for reducing government dependency and fostering economic resilience. As
Cizakca (1998) argues, the role of Waqf institutions in reducing government
expenditure is critical to managing public finances effectively. By decreasing
the government’s need for borrowing, Waqf institutions help lower the interest
rates that can otherwise act as a barrier to private sector investment. This
reduction in borrowing and associated costs leads to a more favorable economic
environment, enabling the private sector to flourish and contribute to overall
economic development. In the case of Kano State, Waqf institutions have the
potential to significantly improve social welfare by providing essential
services at no cost to the government. This allows the state government to
focus its efforts and resources on other developmental projects that can drive
economic growth and improve the quality of life for its citizens. Furthermore,
the establishment of Waqf-based initiatives can lead to increased employment
opportunities and youth empowerment programs, addressing one of the most
pressing social issues in the region (Abubakar & Ab Rahman, 2021). By
enhancing human capital and fostering entrepreneurship, Waqf institutions can
contribute to the long-term socio-economic development of Kano State, promoting
peace, stability, and prosperity for all.
Literature Review
During the Ottoman Empire, the development and provision
of public facilities were largely supported by Waqf funds, as well as the
contributions of wealthy Muslim individuals. These funds were used to finance
essential services, including religious, scientific, social, and overall
socio-economic initiatives, all of which were managed without any financial
burden on the government (Saduman & Aysun, 2009). In fact, until the 20th
century, a significant portion of public services in many Muslim communities
were established, managed, and financed through Waqf properties (Baskan, 2002).
Usama (2016) explored the role of cash Waqf in addressing financial challenges
faced by Muslim nations, particularly in times of economic crisis. The study
found that Waqf endowments could be utilized to support small entrepreneurs in
establishing their businesses, thus providing a financial solution to economic
challenges. Waqf has undergone innovative changes, with the creation of various
products designed to meet the needs of Muslim communities and stabilize their
economies in the face of global financial crises (Mohamad Suhaimi & Ab
Rahman, 2014). Kahf (1998) emphasized the importance of Waqf in economic growth
and recommended the establishment of a "third sector” distinct from both
the private and public sectors—to achieve objectives related to education,
health, community welfare, and public security. According to Ahmed (2007),
Awqaf institutions were specifically designed to alleviate societal suffering
by addressing the religious, social, and economic needs of communities. These
institutions serve as vital mechanisms for fundraising, aimed at improving
societal welfare and raising the socio-economic status of the population.
However, Sahari & Aziz (2013) identified gaps within Awqaf institutions,
highlighting the need for political will, honesty, integrity, and
administrative efficiency to fully realize their potential. The study by
Ismail, Ab Malik, Shafiai, & Research (2015) emphasized the critical role
of Waqf in overcoming challenges related to empowerment, poverty, and
insecurity within the global Muslim community, particularly in marginalized
regions. The authors proposed that Waqf programs could offer sustainable
solutions to these challenges, thereby enhancing both empowerment and social
welfare. Waqf institutions have historically played a pivotal role in providing
public services, supporting socio-economic welfare, and addressing financial
crises in Muslim societies. Today, their potential remains strong, especially
when they are adapted to modern needs and managed with transparency and
efficiency.
Methodology
A qualitative research methodology was employed to
examine the role and relationship of Waqf in achieving youth empowerment for a
well-functioning government in Kano State, Nigeria. To meet the study’s
objectives, an exploratory approach was used, involving face-to-face structured
interviews. Participants included experts from academia, Waqf stakeholders,
representatives from the youth empowerment commission, and philanthropists in
Kano. These participants were coded as PT1 to PT11. The study followed Merriam’s
approach to qualitative data analysis, which involves consolidating, reducing,
and interpreting participants’ statements in conjunction with the researcher’s
own understanding to create meaningful insights. According to Merriam, data
analysis involves moving back and forth between the data and abstract concepts,
combining inductive and deductive reasoning, and balancing description with
interpretation. The findings are organized into descriptive accounts that
explain the data, while themes or categories that span the data help answer the
research questions (Merriam & Tisdell, 2015). Thematic analysis was used to
identify important themes crucial to understanding the phenomenon. This process
involved carefully reading the data multiple times to identify themes. These
themes and categories were formulated from both interview data and document
analysis (Mason, 2006).
Findings and Discussion
Waqf has been recognized as a powerful concept that
Islamic scholars and academics should continue to explore to its fullest
extent. Historically, Waqf has played a significant role in the economic and
social development of various Muslim communities. However, its prominence as a
unique and progressive development tool has declined in recent times within the
Muslim world (Ihsan & Ibrahim, 2011). Despite this, Waqf has experienced
innovative changes, with the introduction of diverse Waqf products designed to
meet the needs and enhance the well-being of Muslim communities, while
revitalizing economic conditions in the face of contemporary global economic
crises (Farhana Mohamad et al., 2014). Waqf is a voluntary form of charity,
contributed by wealthy individuals for the benefit of the general public. The
assets provided through Waqf can enable governments to conserve their resources
and implement developmental projects more effectively. By doing so, Waqf
institutions can partially replace the government in its responsibility to
provide essential social services, thereby reducing the level of government
involvement in certain areas of the economy (Nik & Hassan, 2008).
Awqaf institutions hold significant potential in helping
to realize key indicators of a well-functioning government. These indicators
include:
Figure 1 Relationship between
Waqf, Youth Empowerment and Well- Functioning Government
Government Effectiveness
This includes the provision and ensuring
quality of public services and quality in civil services. The Waqf institutions
have the potential of providing qualitative public and civil services through
youth empowerment in education, skills and health care services.
The data gathered from the interview indicate that:
Kano state government is
spending 15% of its annual budget on the educational sector which only
comprises building and maintaining blocks in the schools and other expenses.
With the functional Waqf institutions in kano, more Waqf-based schools will be
established and maintained by the Waqf funds, verily this would allow the
government to use its available resources to finance some other development
projects in the state. A good example of Waqf is the sixty (60) housing
units built in Kano by Khalifah Ishaq Rabiu for the use of the memorizers of
the Holy Qur’an and a hostel for the students who came from far places in the
quest for learning Qur’an at kofar Waika Quarters in the Kano metropolis (PT
4).
Kano state and federal government are
borrowing money to finance its annual budget and fulfill the needs of the
people, if there are efficient and functional Awqaf institutions in various
communities in the Kano state, these institutions would provide their
communities with various projects and that means relieving government from
borrowing a lot of money in the name of financing developmental projects. For
example, Alhaji Aminu Dantata Kano based philanthropist has contributed
immensely to the development of education in the state in various capacities,
he has donated ₦50 million, 10 blocks of
toilets and 5 boreholes to Girls Secondary School, Dala (PT11).
Provision of Public Goods
It’s a duty upon each and every good government to
provide public goods for the wellbeing of its citizens, the waqf institutions
can provide some goods to the public and help the government in reducing its
burden and lower its budget spending (Kahf, 2003). It was asserted that
institutions of Waqf plays a vital role in the decrease of government
expenditure, this leads to decline in the budget deficit which decreases the
necessity for governments borrowing, As a result of that the lending interest
rate which is an obstacle for private sector investments will reduce (Cizakca, 1998).
The Data gathered from interview supported this
literature, as one of the respondents said that:
The provision of public goods in an Islamic economy. It
is an obligation of this economy to satisfy the basic needs of all people,
which in part depends on the satisfaction of public goods. The Islamic economy
is in a better position to address these problems than its counterpart secular
economy. Accordingly, this economy can supply the optimal amount of public
goods.
The Waqf institutions in the state can provide public
goods and this will help in addressing the problems of unemployment and
insecurity among the youth in Kano. Examples of Annur Hospital, Hotoro
Hospital and Mariya Sunusi Hospital and many of its kinds, has helped in
reducing the government expenditure in the health care services in these Waqf
based hospital areas (PT4).
The provision of social welfare to the public by Waqf
institutions at no cost to the government, the interest rate will be low; the
provision of social amenities by the Waqf institutions, there are Hundreds of Waqf
based secondary and primary schools were established in various places in the
Kano metropolis, whereas, these schools has helped in reducing the number of
illiterate youth and provided employment opportunities to others as well as
reduced the burden of the government of building , maintaining and paying wages
in these schools, the surplus money of the government can be used to other
sectors of human needs (PT2).
This signifies the engagement or involvement of community
members in decision making on the relevant issues and sharing decisions on how
to address the societal problems. Community relations mean the way in which
individuals and organizations will be used to establish and maintain a good and
strong relationship (Ledingham & Bruning (2000). In a contemporary
globalized economy, private sectors should be given more opportunities to
participate in economic growth and replace more government participation in the
economy. Therefore, the establishments of functional Awqaf in Kano state will
replace the government participation in providing some infrastructures in the
state as well as providing empowerment to the teeming youth in the state.
On the importance of the involvement of the private
sector, individuals and other people of the community in economic development,
the participants reacted and examined that
The involvement of the private sector in the
economy will help reduce the borrowing and prevent possible future economic
crisis. Therefore, the institutions of waqf in kano can play an important role
in reducing the burden on the government by providing the developmental
projects in the state, good examples of this are building and equipping
Ultra-modern Theater by Dangote at the cost of 12 million USD and the hiring of
experts in the field of science and technology to teach at the State University
among other developmental projects at no cost to the government (PT8).
The other participant has a similar view and maintains
that,
The more Waqf properties donated the less government
participation in the provision of such projects. Waqf institutions in Kano Such
as Sa’adiyyah Waqf, Waqf Alkhairiyya and others along with the assistance of
wealthy philanthropists have provided various societal needs such as bore holes
for portable drinking water and repair some roads, these have exonerated the
government from borrowing money to finance such developmental projects (PT4).
Accountability
Accountability is an indicator of a
well-functioning government. Therefore, Waqf institutions which have the
characteristics of perpetuity, and ware established in the course of Allah, and
have the element of Taqwa, Amana and accountability, it can achieve in
providing the empowerment to our teeming youth in the state and subsequently
reduce the level of poverty among the citizens towards the attaining a peaceful
and prosperous society. In line with the above an interview participant said Waqf
based higher intuitions of learning in the state, have empowered many youth
educationally and employed some youth as teachers and other supporting staff,
the institutions are Annur Institute of Islamic Education, Kano, Daawah Institute of
Islamic Education, The Institute of Arts and Islamic Studies (CAIS) Hausawa, Kano (PT4).
Another participant attested to that, and he further
maintained that
Waqf certainly provides the stability needed
of the mind and the body of a person. Youth empowerment in education will
stabilize their social status and certainly, there will be a peaceful and
prosperous society, and the government can perform efficiently (PT1).
High Income
The provision of more sources of income is
the main focus of any well-functioning government. The Awqaf institutions have
the potential to provide more income generation programs to the people,
alleviate poverty among the people and provide empowerment opportunities to the
youth in Kano (Muhammad, 2010). The data obtained from the interview
participants show that Waqf funds can be utilized to finance and assist the
youth in establishing their own business.
Mudharaba financing can be used to provide
capital for the trained youth that want to establish their small business and
support themselves. The profit will be shared on the agreed ratio between the
youth and the Waqf institution. (PT1)
Mushsarakah partnership can be applicable and
provide the business capital to the youth to establish a small- scale business
venture. In a situation whereby a youth has little and insufficient amount of
money as capital to start up a business, cash Waqf fund can contribute
significantly and support him with some capital to form the partnership. The
profit earned in the business would be shared on the agreed ratio based on the
capital contribution (PT4).
Fair distribution of resources is one of the
characteristics of well- functioning government, on this note data obtained
from the interview assert that,
The wider circulation of wealth among many people in
society will reduce the gap between the rich and the people in society, hence
there will be love and unity among people. As such the institution of Waqf can
be used for wealth distribution among the people of Kano from wealthy
individuals to the less privileged, Waqf funds can be used to provide
capital to the trained youth to start up their business, waqf funds can be used
in the form of Musharaka and Mudaraba ventures. There are many waqf based shops
attached to the mosques, these shops were rented out to the youth at subsidize
rate and the generated revenue was used for other developmental purposes. This
would provide empowerment to the youth and enhance peace in the state and the
government will be considered a functional government (PT11).
Discussion
The findings of this study highlight the significant role
that Waqf institutions in Kano State have played in promoting youth
empowerment, which is essential for achieving a well-functioning government.
There is a clear connection between Waqf, youth empowerment, and the
indicators of good governance. By engaging Waqf institutions in
providing social welfare and empowerment programs, the state can foster both
peace and economic growth. The study suggests that Waqf institutions are
instrumental in attaining the key indicators of a well-functioning government.
Through their philanthropic efforts and effective management, these
institutions have supported the government in maximizing its limited resources
for societal development. This has not only contributed to economic stability
but also facilitated peaceful coexistence among the people. The role of Waqf in
filling gaps left by the government underscores its potential as a critical
mechanism for advancing social welfare, empowering the youth, and promoting
overall state development.
Conclusion
The study concludes that a well-functioning government is
a fundamental pillar of positive peace, which is essential for sustaining a
stable and peaceful economy. A key characteristic of such a government is its
ability to produce and provide public goods—resources or services that are
accessible to all individuals without restrictions. In this context, Waqf plays
a crucial role as a voluntary charity contributed by wealthy individuals for
the benefit of the general public. By utilizing Waqf properties, the government
can conserve its resources and effectively implement developmental projects
using its available funds. In this way, Waqf institutions take on some of the
government's responsibilities, particularly in providing essential social
services and public amenities, thereby reducing the extent of government
intervention in certain areas of the economy. The study further concludes that
there is a strong relationship between Waqf, youth empowerment, and the
establishment of a well-functioning government in Kano State, Nigeria. By
empowering the youth and promoting social welfare, Waqf institutions contribute
to the overall development of the state and help ensure its socio-economic
stability. This dynamic partnership between Waqf and the government is key to
fostering sustainable growth and peaceful coexistence in the region.
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