Cite this article as: Abba M. M., Ahmad A. A. & Alhassan M. (2025). Internal Factors Affecting Investigative Journalism in Public Broadcast Stations: A Study of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities, 4(1), 1-12. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2025.v04i01.001.
INTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING INVESTIGATIVE
JOURNALISM IN PUBLIC BROADCAST STATIONS: A STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION
OF NIGERIA
Murjanatu Mohammed Abba, Ph.D
Department of Mass Communication
Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria
And
Aminu Ahmad Ahmad
Department of Mass Communication
Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria
And
Musa Alhassan, Ph.D.
Department of Mass Communication
Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria
Abstract
This
study examined the various factors that affect investigative journalism (IJ)
from within public broadcast stations with a particular focus on Federal Radio
Corporation of Nigeriato identify reasons for inadequate investigative stories
in public broadcast stations. Media ownership is adopted to explain the
challenges facing investigative journalism in public broadcast media from
within. The study employs an in-depth interview research method with ten
journalists to find out the internal challenges facing investigative journalism
in FRCN. Findings show that ten journalists (equivalent to 100% of the
respondents) agree that media owners interfere with investigative reportage
only when their interests are at stake. The interference could be direct, like
determining which stories the editors and journalists should investigate,
punishing staff that air the news item they considered offensive, and delaying
the release of funds for investigative activities. The study recommends that
stations should organize regular training in investigative reporting skills and
ethical standards for their journalists; a new law should be introduced that
can fully protect investigative journalists from ownership threats; news
editors should make investigative reporters free from other media job burdens
given its difficulties; investigative reporters should utilize social media
platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp whenever their
stations refused to air their stories.
Keywords:
Challenges, Journalism, Internal, Investigative, Station
INTRODUCTION
Investigative journalism (IJ) is a unique type of
reporting which involves not just relaying information, but in-depth research
to reach accurate conclusions that are unbiased and untainted by the beliefs or
views of the investigative reporter through watchdog functions. This makes
investigative journalism a crucial and sensitive tool in uncovering corruption
and violations in both public and private sectors.This watchdog function is
premised on the idea that a fully independent press keeps government as well as
public office holders accountable. The benefit this brings to society cannot be
over-emphasized as exposing any social ill or vice with negative repercussions
on the journalist serves as a deterrent to others; it
also earns the country international accolades as being a free state; it checks
and balances excessive use of power by leaders and most importantly, it
contributes its quota towards making the world a better place (Ibrahimi, 2007).
Societies, thus need journalists who can investigate
issues because people have a right to know about the society in which they
live; they have a right to know about decisions which may affect them even if
people in power want to keep them secret. Media managers often face the dilemma
of balancing the media owner’s interest and the public’s interest without
infringing on the laws of the land or the ethics of the profession. Owners
adopt various measures to exercise the desired level of control on media managers
at various levels at all costs. For instance, giving
directives on what should be covered, redeployment of staff to lower positions
or instant transfers, superimposing partners on the regular staff, promotion or
denial of it, bribes, gifts and donation, the creation of fear and fiction
within the media establishment (Ekwelie, 1986).
Kaplan
(2013a) argues that a host of challenges have limited the ability of
journalists to investigate issues of public interest. Some investigative
journalists have been repeatedly threatened, and have watched with dismay as
their colleagues in some countries are murdered with impunity. Also, twenty
years of data by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) showed that several
journalists were killed covering crime and corruption, as they are killed
covering wars. Others regularly face criminal libel cases, government spying
and intimidation from both officials and powerful local interests. For
instance, in 2020 alone, fifty investigative journalists died at work, 53 died
in 2019 (RSF, 2020) and 55 journalists and media professionals were killed in 2021 (UNESCO,
2022).
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Investigative journalism that is practised in
Nigeria is ineffective as it is constrained by several problems. The extent of
the practice of investigative journalism is rather low and not encouraging
despite the large number of radio stations in the country estimated at 502
(Kumo, 2020). With more than ten years after signing into law the Freedom of
Information Act by former President Goodluck Jonathan aimed at promoting
watchdog function of the media (Anyadike, 2013), journalists still publish
half-truth, distorted stories and outright falsehood, thereby making rumours,
unsubstantiated claims and emotions the bedrock of information gathering (Apata&Ogunwuyi, 2019; Shem &Audu,
2017; &Okon, 2017). This paper therefore tries to find out internal
factors within public stations that limit investigative journalism practice
with FRCN as a case study and recommend ways to reduce those
challenges for effective watchdog function to promote national development.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
This study identifies the internal challenges
affecting investigative journalism practice in FRCN to address the gaps established in the
literature review. The study set the following three objectives:
1. To identify direct
internal factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN
2. To identify indirect
internal factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN
3. To suggest ways to
address the internal factors to promote investigative journalism practice in
FRCN
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions are structured
based on the study objectives raised above. They include:
1. What are the direct internal factors that inhibit
IJ practice in FRCN?
2. What are indirect internal factors that inhibit
IJ practice in FRCN?
3. How can these internal factors be addressed to
promote IJ practice in FRCN?
LITERATURE
REVIEW
The
Concept of Investigative Journalism
The complex nature of the concept made it difficult
to have a single, universally acceptable definition for
journalists, academics, media development organizations and donors because the
culture for investigative journalism has developed differently in various parts
of the world and, is thus defined according to political, economic, cultural
settings of the media (Breiner, 2016).
Some researchers tend to look at the concept as
in-depth investigative reports, which distinguish it from other journalistic
writings. A typical example is Investigative Reporters and Editors (1983) who
define it as systematic, in-depth, and original research and reporting, often
unearthing secrets, involving heavy use of public records and computer-assisted
reporting, with a focus on social justice and accountability. Scholars like
Anderson and Benjamins (1976), Greene (1981), Ullman and Honeyman (1983), Feldstein
(2006) and Houston (2010) subscribe to this definition.
The term ‘investigative journalism’ according to
Forbes (2005) covers a range of reporting activities, from simple news-based
enquiries to undercover operations that piece together a jigsaw puzzle of
events, resulting in a final exposé or scoop. Aluma (2008) defines it as a way
of practising journalism in which the journalist seeks to protect the public
interest by uncovering and publicizing the whole truth about any issue in any
sphere of life. Spark (1999) sees it as the process of exposing information that
others would like to suppress, that is, gathering facts which someone wants to
suppress. Investigative reporters seek not just the obvious informants, but the
less obvious disturbing secrets which make the persons involved angry or
disturbed about divulging them. Asemah (2011) defines it as a story that
requires a great amount of research which involves coming up with facts that
might be hidden, buried or obscured by people who have a vested interest in
keeping those facts from being published. American authors like Ettema and
Glasser (1998) as well as Protess, Cook, Doppelt, Ettema, Gordon and Leff
(1991) however, emphasize the moral aspect and its impacts, probing America’s
civic conscience by telling stories of villainy and victimization, implicitly demanding
reactions for social change.
Other scholars like Aborishade (2008) define the
concept ‘investigative journalism’ in view of its peculiar characteristics,
qualities and conditions, particularly originality. To him, following somebody
else’s agenda is not investigative journalism. Acting as a mere transmission
belt for passing information or proceedings of meetings to the public or
uncritically accepting official versions of accounts based on not wanting to
offend authorities or individuals is not investigative journalism. Rather, investigative
journalism is based on self-initiated agenda setting where a journalist reports
through his initiative and work product, of matters importance to readers,
viewers or listeners.
Ingram and Henshall (2008) define investigative
journalism as finding, reporting and presenting news that other people will try
to hide. They proceeded to describe it as similar to standard news reporting,
except that the people at the centre of the story will usually not help the
reporters and may even try to stop them from doing their job.
Iredia (2019) provides another perspective on the
concept of investigative journalism by defining it as a thorough probe into a
case of public importance. This definition does not mention whether the case to
be investigated is positive or negative. This concurs with Ladan (2019) who
insists that investigative journalism is not all about exposing misconduct or
negativity. Rather, it also involves an investigation into positive issues like
success stories of leaders, businessmen, states, industries, etc. Journalists
can also do an investigative report on societal ills like drug addiction,
divorce, inflation, etc. Kaplan (2008a) describes investigative reporting as a
special kind of journalism that provides accountability to people in power,
whether in government, business, military or non-profit organizations. Watchdog
reporting also holds institutions accountable when wrongdoing has been
committed and tolerated. In addition to monitoring powerful people and
institutions, investigative journalism also gives a voice to the downtrodden.
Investigative Journalism as Minefield
As the fourth estate of the realm, media are
expected to play an important role in fighting corruption and promoting good
governance in society. Journalists are thus, referred to as watchdogs of
society because they monitor and guard policymakers’ actions and also track
other people in authority to ensure morality is respected to the benefit of all
(Knuut et al., 2015). This monitoring can only be delivered through investigative
journalism, which is a minefield, because investigating the powerful can lead to
tremendous threats and litigation (Fouda, 2011). Freedom of information is a vital tool for public
enlightenment and sustainable development as it enables the public to hold its
government accountable. This made investigative reporting the most hazardous
type of specialized reporting, more especially in third-world countries where
bribery, fraud, and embezzlement of funds are the order of the day (Suntai&
Shem, 2018). Ghanaian undercover reporter AnasAremeyawAnas has told the BBC
that his team faces death threats daily (BBC,
18th January, 2019). Reports indicate that between January and October 2020, there was a
huge increase in assaults, arrests and prosecution of the press in Nigeria
compared to a year before it, with 51 incidents in 2020 alone, affecting 60
journalists. The security forces and government officials were responsible for
the majority of attacks, while eight attacks were by unknown attackers and six
by political thugs (Article 18, 2020). Despite section 22 of the constitution,
and the passage into law of the FOIA, journalists still face some challenges
that impact negatively on the performance of their duties. However, the nature
and degree of these challenges differ, depending on the political leadership
and press laws. Given that most interesting issues require investigation which
involve the powerful who will naturally resist and might take action against
the journalists.
Journalists
have faced persecutions like
arrest, equipment seizure or damages, intimidation and death threats. Some
specific examples include:
1. On
August 14, 2018, Premium Times reporter Samuel Ogundipe was arrested and
remanded by the Nigerian Police and later arraigned in court in a vain attempt
to extract the source of an exclusive published by the newspaper (Okakwu &
Iroanusi, 2018).
2. On
January 6, 2019, the Nigerian Army Sunday invaded the Daily Trust regional
office of the newspaper and arrested the regional editor along with a reporter,
Ibrahim Sawab, over a report that exposed racketeering regarding the
counterinsurgency operation in Nigeria’s north-east (Haruna, 2019).
3. The
arrest of editor and publisher of Weekly Source, James Abiri, on June 21, 2016,
and detained for over two years by the State Security Service for republishing
a scoop allegedly implicating some military officers.
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Since the study is about internal challenges
facing investigative journalists in public broadcast stations in Nigeria, the
study adopts the media ownership theory to explain the various factors that
inhibit investigative journalism in public broadcast stations from within.
Media
ownership theory was developed by
American scholar; J. H. Altschul who drew from Marx and Engels 'German
Ideology' (Maheshwari, 2015;
Chandler, 1995) to come up with this theory to explain the relationship between
news production and ownership influence. Altschul observed that the class which owns the means of
material production (the media) at its disposal, has control over what it
produces. The media is thus seen as a means of production in a
capitalist society which tries to promote the ideology of the ruling class by
suppressing opposing views. He contended that the
primary focus of a news
organization in a capitalist economy is profit-making, and objectivity is seen
as a way of attracting the readers desired by advertisers.
Altschull's (1984) media
ownership theory states that the overriding determiner of media content is the
ideology of those who finance the media, stressing that the content of the
news media always conforms to the interests of those who finance them. To him, media content is directly correlated with the
interests of those who finance them whether an individual or group, adding that
no newspaper, magazine or broadcasting outlet can exceed the boundaries of
autonomy acceptable to those who fund them (Huang, 2003). The theory was
further refined and extended by Shoemaker and Reese (1991) who maintained that
news content is built into the economic objectives of the owner in line with
his ideology such as religion, economy, culture and politics. To them, owners
of media organizations have the ultimate say over news content on their
stations. It can easily be deduced that any investigation that is not in the
interest of media owners can successfully be discouraged by media managers
under the instruction of proprietors.
METHODOLOGY
The study is a
qualitative research which applies an in-depth interview research method to
address the research questions raised for the study.
The researchers
employed purposive sampling technique to select FRCN being the largest public radio station
operating in Nigeria and applied snowballing sampling technique to select ten
respondents that are qualified for the study. The data gathered were analysed
thematically. The themes were drawn from the interview conducted. These are
direct internal factors, indirect internal factors and solutions. Below is a
tabular presentation of the data.
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
The first research question tries to find out from
the respondents, the various factors that directly hamper investigative
journalism in FRCN
Direct Internal Factors that Inhibit IJ Practice in FRCN
Data show that the ten respondents agreed
that media owners interfere with investigative reportage only
when their interests are at stake. The interference could be direct, like
determining which stories the editors and journalists should investigate,
punishing staff that air the news item they considered offensive, and delaying
the release of funds for investigative activities
They
also identified other challenges such as unnecessary
interference by media owners when it comes to who to investigate; poor
remuneration; bad working condition; and threats of sack, demotion or salary
cut.
Three respondents blamed poor managerial decisions such as refusal or
delay in releasing of funds or equipment, and discrimination against women
journalists by assigning them to handle duties within the stations.
Indirect internal factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN
Findings show that media owners also engage in
indirect activities that can also affect investigative reporting. All the
ten respondents believed that lack of adequate training on the part of many
journalists in Nigeria is a major hindrance to effective investigative
journalism practice. They argued that most journalists do not possess advanced
journalism training that will enable them carry out investigative journalism.
That, some journalists lack the capability to conduct professional
investigation especially when it comes to formulating hypothesis which will
help journalists identify the dimensions of the stories that they want to
investigate. Four respondents are of the view that a lot of broadcast stations in Nigeria are yet to go digital in their operations. This problem of using analogue facilities will not allow effective
conduct of investigative journalism.
Three respondents
identified corruption as another indirect problem capable of frustrating
investigative journalism. Given that most people under investigation are
influential, they can bribe the journalists with money or promise of
appointments or contracts. They also argued that some media stations are of the
habit of promoting
corrupt friends and relations of media owners despite their indictment by a
competent court of law or judicial commission of enquiry. This will go a long
way in influencing reporters not to expose such corrupt people in order not to
offend owners of their stations.
Ways to address the internal factors to promote
investigative journalism practice in FRCN
The ten respondents suggested that media managers recommended that stations should organize
regular training in investigative reporting skills and ethical standards for
their journalists;
On the threat to life of investigative journalists,
half of the respondents suggest introduction of life insurance to investigative
journalists working in their stations given the risky nature of the job to
serve as motivation to the journalists, and called for a new law that can
protect both investigative journalists and whistle-blowers from both internal
and external threats. They news editors should make investigative
reporters free from other media job burdens given its difficulties.
Investigative reporters should utilize social
media platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp whenever their
stations refused to air their stories. They
also suggest for a new law that can protect both investigative journalists and
whistle blowers from both internal and external threats.
The respondents urged investigative journalists to
exercise patience and tolerance in the face of interference by owners, they
should be diplomatic in balancing between their professional conduct and
management decision. News managers should introduce division of labour among
journalists to reduce the burden of daily routine work on investigative
journalists conducting investigations.
On the issue of paucity of funds, the respondents
urged Stations should solicit financial support from both national and
international donors like of McArthur foundations, WSCIJ, Howard foundation,
CIMA, Knight Foundation etc. in the area of training, equipment and conduct of
investigations.
Summary of study findings in a tabular form
|
Items |
Responses |
|
Theme
1. Direct
Internal factors |
Ø Unnecessary Interference by owners Ø Poor remuneration Ø Bad working condition Ø Threats of sack, demotion or salary cut Ø Managerial decisions e.g. refusal or delay in to releasing of funds
or equipment Ø Discrimination against women journalists – Assigning them to handle
duties within the stations. |
|
Theme
2. Indirect
internal factors |
Ø Modern equipment for handling undercover reportage are expensive Ø Lack of Journalism training, Ø Corruption as a result of poor working conditions |
|
Theme
3. Solution |
Ø Utilization of Social Media Ø Regular training on Investigative Journalism techniques Ø Life insurance policy Ø Division of labour Ø Engagement |
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Data are presented
in a narrative form in line with Waitzkin (1990) standardised rules to ensure that
respondents’ pauses, use of slang, notations of emotional content such as
whispering were conserved to ensure that the transcript reflected as true as possible, views of the participants and
that possibility of misrepresentation was minimised.
RQ1:
What are the direct internal factors that inhibit investigative journalism
practice in FRCN?
All
the 10 respondents agreed that media owners interfere with investigative
journalism only when their interests are at stake. Respondents 1 has this to
say:
Every
station has objectives and in-house policy which it works towards achieving and
will jealously protect in all circumstances. This policy is usually set up by
media owners and will resist any attempt to act contrary to it.
The interference according to him can be
‘direct’ in form of:
Choosing which stories the
editors and journalists can investigate and ultimately publish or air; the
power to recruit loyalists, dismiss journalists who offend owners' interest and
modification of stories by editors. Others include delay in the release of
funds to finance investigative journalism and fear of losing jobs.
Given the harsh economic situation in Nigeria
and in view of the difficulties in acquiring jobs, no journalist will risk
engaging in any act capable of making him lose his or her job. This factor
therefore makes journalists to avoid involving or pursuing any story that can
jeopardize his means of livelihood.
Also, respondents 4,5, and 6 identify other
constraints such as poor remuneration and bad working conditions which can
force journalists to abandon investigations half way:
A situation where journalists are not paid for months cannot be expected
to carry out investigative reporting. This problem will surely affect the
objectivity of journalists because a hungry man is an angry man.
Half of the respondents identified three
reasons why owners interfere with news contents namely: political, economic
patronage and religious considerations:
Owners of FRCN are more sensitive to political and
religious news than their private counterparts who focus more on the economic
interest. They note that owners of FRCN are
more sensitive to politics and religion because they are politicians and so
would not allow any investigative story that will affect the ruling party or
government officials
All the ten respondents however support that
modification of news by editors only happens when the report is likely going to
cause civil unrest, loss of lives or properties:
We fully support modification of investigative
news under one condition, that is, if it will lead to crisis and bloodshed in
the country especially issues involving religion. Given that Nigerians are
highly sensitive to their religions
Also,
half of the respondents describe ownership influence as inversely proportional
to investigative journalism, that is the more the ownership interference, the
less the investigative journalism recorded in broadcast stations.
Half of the respondents argue
that managerial decisions like heavy staff cuts and dwindling newsroom budgets
have made some investigative journalists jobless and thus, can accept job
offers under any condition.
There are allegations that a
radio station laid-off a sizeable number of its staff and the criteria used for
retrenchment was targeting all those who had not been contributing in monetary
terms to the running of the station. This led to the sack of many hardworking
journalists. A senior Journalist argues that inadequate funding is capable of
making it difficult for media houses to employ experienced journalists who are
capable of conducting investigative journalism. Also, some media houses cannot
acquire modern equipment needed to carry out investigative journalism smoothly
and efficiently.
A female respondent observe
that, most media managers are more comfortable to assigning male journalists
the responsibility to conduct investigative reports mainly due its risky nature
which further discourage them from venturing into it.
Given that most news editors in
FRCN are males, some chose to discriminate against female journalists and not allow them into specific
careers/ seats that are considered risky. Women are restricted from engaging in
sensitive and challenging reports compared to their male counterparts in the
media industry
RQ2:
What are the indirect internal factors that inhibit investigative journalism
practice in FRCN?
In addition to the direct interference, media owners
also engage in indirect activities that can also affect investigative reporting.Respondents
6, 7, 8 and 9 are of the view that a lot of broadcast
stations in Nigeria are yet to go digital in their operations as observed:
Some
journalists still use gadgets and equipment that are analogue which makes them technologically backward and
hinders them from competing favourably with other
media
houses worldwide. Also, strong and regular internet connectivity is not always
available.
All the ten respondents believed that many
journalists in Nigeria do not possess advanced journalism training that will
enable them carry out investigative journalism. That, some journalists lack the
capability to conduct professional investigation especially when it comes to
formulating hypothesis which will help journalists identify the dimensions of
the stories that they want to investigate.
Respondents 1, 2
and 3 identify corruption as another indirect problem capable of frustrating
investigative journalism as attested to by this respondent:
Given that most
people under investigation are influential, they can bribe the journalists with
money or promise of appointments or contracts. Another problem is promotion of corrupt friends and
relations of media owners despite their indictment by a competent court of law
or judicial commission of enquiry. This will go a long way in influencing
reporters not to expose such corrupt people in order not to offend owners of
their stations.
RQ3:
How can these internal factors be addressed to promote investigative journalism
practice in FRCN?
Seven respondents agreed that ownership interference
can be tackled by broadcasting or publishing information on other social media
platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and Whatsapp.
The respondents also suggest for a new law that can
protect both investigative journalists and whistle blowers from both internal
and external threats. Also, ten journalists, which represent100% of the respondents, stress the need for media
owners to organize more training for journalists on media laws like
trespassing, defamation, sedition, etc. for effective investigative journalism
as noted by this respondent.
Only
few journalists received training or attended a workshop in or outside Nigeria
on investigative journalism. This makes some Nigerian journalists unable to
operate modern journalism equipment that will make it easy for them to conduct
investigative journalism
On poor training, six journalists, called for more
training on modern techniques of conducting investigative journalism for smooth
operations. On the threat to life of investigative journalists, half of the
respondents suggest introduction of life insurance to investigative journalists
working in their stations given the risky nature of the job to serve as
motivation to the journalists, and called for a new law that can protect both
investigative journalists and whistle-blowers from both internal and external
threats. Likewise, they urge investigative journalists to develop patience and
tolerance in the face of interference by owners. News managers should introduce
division of labour among journalists to reduce the burden of daily routine work
on investigative journalists conducting investigations.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis, it was concluded
that internal factors have to do more with ownership; ownership influence is
inversely proportional to investigative journalism practice; internal
restrictions cause process ineffectiveness. Findings from this
study will be useful in addressing the underlying reasons for the dearth of investigative stories in Nigerian
broadcast media.
The
study will improve airing and access to investigative information about the operations
of government in
Nigeria. Wider access to investigative Information about the government policies and programmesgives the public
greater opportunity to hold government at all levels accountable in line with
section 22 of the 1999 constitution.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Since this study
examines the internal challenges affecting investigative journalistsat work, the following recommendations are made:
1. Media organizations should organize regular
training on investigative reporting skills, ethical standards and challenges.
2. Stations should solicit financial support from
both national and international donorslike of McArthur foundations, WSCIJ,
Howard foundation, CIMA, Knight Foundation etc. in the area of training,
equipment and conduct of investigations.
3. Investigative journalists should utilize social
media platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Instagramand WhatsApp when stations
refuse to air their stories.
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