QUESTION ❓
Assalamu Alaikum, respected scholar. Is it permissible to wipe over socks during wudu if a person put them on after performing a complete wudu? For example, someone wears socks after completing wudu, goes out, and later needs to urinate when it is time to pray. Must the person remove the socks and wash the feet again, or may they perform a new wudu and wipe over the socks instead? If the person wipes over the socks and then prays, is the prayer valid?
ANSWER
❗️
Wa Alaikum
Assalam wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuh.
Praise be to
Allah. Wiping over footwear during ablution is an established concession in
Islamic jurisprudence. However, scholars differ regarding ordinary fabric
socks, their conditions, and whether wiping over them is valid.
It is
therefore important to distinguish between leather footwear known as khuffayn
and ordinary socks known as jawrabayn.
1.
What Is the Ruling on Wiping Over Ordinary Socks?
The scholars
have differed on whether wiping over ordinary socks is permissible.
The Maliki and
Shafi'i schools generally do not permit wiping over ordinary fabric socks
unless they meet the specific conditions recognised by their respective
schools. The Hanafi and Hanbali schools also have conditions, although their
detailed rulings differ.
Many scholars
who permit wiping over socks require them to be sufficiently thick and sturdy,
to cover the feet including the ankles, and to be worn after completing a valid
purification.
Other scholars
have adopted a broader interpretation that permits wiping over certain ordinary
socks, including some that do not meet all the conditions stipulated by the
majority.
Consequently,
it is inaccurate to state that every scholar permits wiping over all socks, or
that all scholars prohibit wiping over fabric socks.
2.
Evidence for Wiping Over Socks
Al-Mughirah
ibn Shu'bah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet Muhammad
(peace and blessings be upon him) performed ablution and wiped over his socks
and footwear.
This narration
is recorded in the collections of Abu Dawud and al-Tirmidhi, although scholars
have differed over its authenticity and interpretation. Al-Tirmidhi graded the
narration authentic, while other hadith scholars have questioned it.
This
disagreement over the evidence is one reason scholars differ concerning
ordinary socks. The permissibility of wiping over leather khuffayn,
however, is firmly established in authentic hadiths.
3.
Conditions for Wiping Over Socks
According to
the scholars who permit wiping over socks subject to the conditions associated
with khuffayn,
the following requirements are commonly mentioned:
1. The socks must
be worn after complete purification. The person must first perform a valid wudu,
including washing both feet, before putting on the socks.
2. They must
cover the required area. According to the majority position, the
socks should cover the feet, including the ankles.
3. They must meet
the relevant requirements for thickness and sturdiness. Many scholars require socks to be
sufficiently thick and durable for wiping over them to be valid. The exact
criteria differ among schools.
4. They must be
suitable for wiping under the applicable school of jurisprudence. Not every thin or transparent sock meets the
conditions accepted by the majority.
5. They must be
lawfully possessed. A person
should not use stolen or unlawfully taken property.
These
conditions should not be treated as identical in every school. Anyone wishing
to follow a particular madhhab should consult a qualified scholar about its
specific requirements.
4.
How Is Wiping Over Socks Performed?
For someone
whose socks meet the conditions of the school or scholarly opinion being
followed, the usual method is to wet the hands and wipe over the upper surface
of each foot covering.
The wiping is
performed over the top of the socks, rather than by rubbing the soles
underneath.
The details of
the method and the required amount of wiping may differ according to the school
of jurisprudence. A person should therefore follow the instructions of a
reliable scholar within the school they follow.
5.
What Happens If a Person Urinates While Wearing the Socks?
If a person
has performed wudu, put on suitable socks, and subsequently urinates, the wudu
is invalidated. The person must perform a new wudu before praying.
However,
urination does not, by itself, require the person to remove the socks. If the
socks meet the conditions for wiping under the scholarly ruling being followed,
the person may perform a new wudu and wipe over them instead of washing the
feet directly.
The person
must still wash the other body parts required in wudu and observe all the
relevant conditions for wiping.
If the socks
do not qualify for wiping according to the ruling being followed, the person
must remove them and wash the feet as part of wudu.
An important
distinction: Wiping over
socks is not a replacement for the entire wudu. It is a concession concerning
the washing of the feet under the applicable conditions.
6.
What If Someone Has Already Wiped Over Ordinary Socks and Prayed?
The answer
depends on the type of socks, the scholarly opinion followed, and whether the
relevant conditions were fulfilled.
If the socks
met the requirements of a recognised scholarly opinion permitting wiping over
them, the wudu and prayer may be valid.
If the socks
did not meet the conditions of the school the person follows, the ruling may be
different. Anyone uncertain about prayers already performed should explain the
circumstances to a qualified scholar before deciding whether those prayers need
to be repeated.
It is
important not to declare a person's prayer invalid without establishing the
relevant facts and the applicable ruling.
Conclusion
Wiping over
socks during wudu is a matter on which scholars have differed. The
permissibility of wiping over leather khuffayn is firmly established,
while wiping over ordinary fabric socks depends on the scholarly opinion
followed and the conditions it recognises.
If a person
urinates after putting on qualifying socks while in a state of complete
purification, the person must renew wudu but may wipe over the socks if the
applicable conditions are satisfied.
May Allah
grant us understanding of His religion and enable us to worship Him according
to the Qur'an and the authentic Sunnah.
Wallāhu Taʿālā
Aʿlam — And Allah knows best.
Zauren
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