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Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism Industry in Nigeria

August 18, 2026

Article Citation: Thaddeus T. ITYONZUGHUL and Samuel T. IHOM (2023). Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism Industry in Nigeria. DEGEL: The Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1 & 2. ISSN 0794-9316

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON TOURISM INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

By

Thaddeus T. ITYONZUGHUL and Samuel T. IHOM

Abstract

Researchers from different professional backgrounds have previously discussed the issue of the COVID-19 pandemic as it affects tourism industry but did not directly project the Nigerian tourism industry. Using existing literature and oral sources consistent with an interdisciplinary approach, this article traces the historical foundations of COVID-19. It examines the challenges posed to the tourism industry at the height of the COVID-19 era. These challenges include the closure of tourist attraction centers, job losses, hotel booking cancellations and tourist deaths, among others. It highlights the role of the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) and other stakeholders in containing the virus. It concludes that FGN's efforts to mitigate the virus had not produced the desired result but marginal impact at best. The paper suggests that for tourism industry to continue to be more stable and vibrant, it is necessary to carefully regulate the spread of the pandemic through social distancing, use of face masks, frequent hand washing and following other measures set forth by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) during the pandemic.

Introduction

Nigeria is blessed with abundance of natural, human and material resources, and stunning scenery. Natural resources are for human resources so that they can live comfortably. There is no exception to this in the travel and tourism industry. The practice of tourism has existed in some capacity ever since the dawn of civilization. In both developed and developing countries, it is still one of the most significant socio-cultural and economic sectors. The tourist sector is believed to have one of the fastest growth rates. This is more prevalent in nations like the USA, Italy, France, Spain, the UK, and the Caribbean, as well as more recently in African countries like Kenya, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, Gambia, Egypt, and so on.[1]

The necessity to grow and sustain the tourist business is clear in the Nigerian scenario as well, given this development and the country's monocultural economy. Nigeria is a large, intriguing nation with a variety of ecoregions and climatic zones. It boosts of a wide range of pleasant weather conditions and a wide variety of biological science.[2] The Nigerian government was forced to diversify the economy to include the tourist industry with the founding of the Nigeria Tourist Association (NTA) in September 1962 because of cascading water systems, rolling linkages, pleasant, and distinctive scenery.[3] There are current claims that Nigeria must continue to develop its tourist sector since oil is susceptible to changes in demand and the mono-cultural oil economy of the 1970s, notwithstanding its recent growth.[4]

Generally speaking, Nigeria's tourist sector was extremely important for the country's social, cultural, and economic development. The development of hotels and ancillary facilities, as well as the provision and improvement of tourism amenities and facilities in Nigeria, are all influenced by the presence of the tourism industry.[5] Additionally, the industry contributes to the development of websites to support travel agents, and it also provides technical and infrastructural supports.

The recent focus of the Federal Government of Nigeria on tourism is based on the recognition that the industry is one of the major sources of foreign currency. The growing importance of leisure in developing countries also means that more people are saving up and traveling just for recreation. The development of scenic views, hotels, cultural performances, and utilization of existing tourist attractions seem to be the norm. It is worth noting that Nigeria's tourism industry is rapidly becoming a major source of employment and contributes significantly to the GDP of many countries around the world. Nigeria has been unaware of the great potential of its tourism industry, despite the fact that the sector has contributed to the country's GDP and economic development. For example, Nigeria recorded a total of 5 million tourists in 2016, with an income of $1.98 billion; ranking 59th in the world in, equivalent to 0.5 percent of GNP.[6]

However, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 led to global social, cultural and economic turmoil. In Nigeria, the pandemic did not only cause people to lose their jobs but also crippled social, cultural and economic activities, including the closure of institutions, transport and industries, with other activities. The tourism industry is also affected to a greater extent. Therefore, this article examines how COVID-19 pandemic affected Nigeria's tourism industry. The specific themes covered in the article are the emergence of COVID-19 and the challenges facing the tourism industry; the role of the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) and other stakeholders in containing the pandemic.

Tourism and Tourism Industry Conceptualized

Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon associated with traveling and staying in a destination outside the usual abode.[7] Tourism is defined by many scholars like Dada as "the migration of people, families and groups to places outside their normal residential areas for a limited period of time and of personal choice.[8] Ikwu on the other hand, defines tourism as "a short-term movement of people to a destination outside of where they normally live and work".[9] The International Tourism Scientific Experts (IASET) considers "tourism to be the totality of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and accommodation of persons’ nonresidents, to the extent that they do not lead to permanent residence”.[10]

Tourism is also defined as a set of interconnected activities, including the act and process of traveling away from home for pleasure, recreation and relaxation while using commercial facilities and services.[11] It is also the movement of people from their homes to another place for the sole purpose of fun, entertainment and satisfaction.[12] According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism is a series of human activities that include travel and accommodation in environments outside their usual place of residence for business and leisure and not more than one consecutive year.[13]

Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations other than their usual places of work and residence, activities performed during their stay in those destinations, facilities created and services provided to meet their needs.

It has been observed that tourism provides large amount of income to pay for available goods and services, representing an important component of the world's exports of goods and services. It also creates employment opportunities in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxis; hotel services such as accommodation, restaurants, including hotels and resorts; and entertainment places, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, concert halls and theaters.

The World Tourism Organization (WTO), as quoted in Vijaya, considers travelers to be on temporary visits staying at least 24 hours in the country visited if the purpose of the trip can be classified under one of the following headings: defined as a person.
Free time – recreation, vacation, health, religion and physical education, or business, family, and mission meetings.[14] According to the British Tourism Association, "Tourism is the temporary short-term movement to and activities while at a destination away from where people usually live or work, and is a journey of any kind and day visits.[15] Tourism largely depends on the supply and type of accommodation available at the destination. Accommodations are a core part of the tourism industry and are important in the development of this ever-growing industry. It plays an important role: handicrafts and cultural activities in both urban and rural areas. Tourist spending has a multiplier effect and brings significant tax revenues to the local economy. Tourism has become an important and integral part of economic, social and physical development.[16] Tourism includes humans and their activities, wildlife, mountains and valleys, rivers and bodies of water, forests and trees, social and cultural systems, flora and fauna, weather and climate, the sun and the sea.

On the other hand, tourism industry includes activities of people and organizations involved in the production and provision of services to individuals during travel or vacation. The tourism industry embodies all businesses and organizations that provide services and products used by tourists at different stages of their journey and visit.[17] It is an entity equipped to provide services, manufacture products, and infrastructure that facilitates travel for leisure, business, and other purposes. The industry provides essential and remarkable assets to tourists during their travels. Tourism industry is a service industry, including transportation, accommodation and hotels. The tourism industry is a major sector of the economy of any country. The components of the tourism industry are diverse, from small businesses operating at the local level to multinational companies. Furthermore, these different components are closely linked with each other. This link exists despite competition in a set of components.

Meanwhile, tourism industry includes four main units: accommodation, transportation, sales and distribution, and ancillary services. The transportation sector of the tourism industry includes aviation, water transportation, car rental, rail and bus transportation, and spacecraft. On the other hand, the food and beverage sector includes restaurants, catering, nightclubs, bars and cafes. However, the accommodation sector of the tourism industry includes hotels, communal apartments, camping, cruises, timeshare accommodation and farm stays.

Tourism industry is made up of hotels and restaurants, including motels, resorts, tour houses, motels, restaurants, et cetera. Transport services include air, water, road, rail and road; entertainment services are casinos, halls, churches and mosques; Information services such as travel agents and tour operators, among others. Government agencies, for example, Yankari Game Reserve, Obudu Resort and various National Parks in Nigeria; Services attract both natural and artificial; Education and research, that is universities and university colleges; and stakeholders, i.e. shareholders, local communities and government. The entertainment sector includes casinos, tourist information, shopping, tourist guides and tours. Relevant sectors include financial services, tour operators, online travel agencies, travel agencies and tourism organizations.[18] The tourism industry can also be categorized into leisure, sports, health, incentives and culture.[19]

The Emergence and Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus, commonly known as COVID-19, is a derivative of the Latin word corona, meaning "crown".[20] Similarly, the word corona derives from the crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus, and that the abbreviation COVID-19 was coined to denote the name of the virus and the year of its emergence.[21] This classification is attributed to the microscopic appearance of the virus with a rim of large bulbous surface protrusions that produce an image resembling the corona or halo of the sun.[22] Scientifically, corona viruses are described as a group of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that cause disease in mammals (including humans) and birds. For example, mild illnesses that viruses commonly cause in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, mainly rhinoviruses).[23]

COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease, was first detected in patient Wei Guixan in Wuhan, China, on December 31, 2019, and as of March 2020, the virus has spread to 60 countries, including Nigeria in Africa. COVID-19 began in Wuhan, China, on March 11, 2020, and spread globally as an epidemic, leading the WHO to declare the novel coronavirus a pandemic.[24] Coranavirus is commonly found in animals such as cattle, camels and bats. However, human infections are rare. Some studies have traced the origin of the virus to the Wuhan fish and animal market, but it remains unclear how this new strain first spread from animals to humans.25 Beaumont said the origin and spread of COVID-19 is "increasingly controversial," with the United States and its allies claiming China has not been transparent about the virus' outbreak.[25]

World Health Organisation (WHO) further explained how the virus spread from one victim to another. For example, people can get COVID-19 from someone else who has the virus. The virus is also spread mainly from person to person through small droplets expelled from the nose and mouth when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. These droplets are relatively heavy, do not travel far, and quickly sink to the ground. Another way to come in contact with COVID-19 is to breathe in these droplets from an infected person.[26]

The three hardest hit states with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Nigeria are Lagos (10,510 cases, 128 deaths), Federal Capital Territory (1,870 cases, 33 deaths) and Oyo (1,380 cases, 12 deaths). These states account for approximately 54% of all confirmed cases and 29% of deaths. However, many of the Northern, Southwestern and Southeastern parts of Nigeria are also seeing with an increase in number of cases. For instance, Ebony state reported more than 100 COVID-19 cases. Other states like Enugu, Imo, Oyo, Ogun, Kwara, Edo, Delta, Sokoto, Katsina, Kaduna Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Borno etc have recorded rising cases of COVID-19 by the middle of 2020.[27]

Challenges of Tourism Industry in Nigeria during COVID-19 Pandemic

This segment outlines the key challenges faced by the Nigerian tourism industry during the pandemic period. Agba, Ocheni and Agba showed that COVID-19 has changed the workforce dynamics of industries and economies around the world. We cannot poke the tourism and travel industry, which is experiencing job losses and consequently seeking relief and relief efforts to mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic on families, organizations, communities, and countries as a whole.[28] For example, in Nigeria, descriptive statistics show that the leisure and hospitality sectors have been hit hardest by COVID-19 Pandemic. The industry's unemployment rate is around 39% at the end of April 2020, as lockdowns have closed most shops, including restaurants, bars and hotels.[29] According to a World Travel and Tourism Council (WTC) report, the Nigerian tourism industry lost 770,000 jobs due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its nationwide impact.[30] It disclosed this through the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG), adding that about $4.5tn was lost by the industry globally due to the impact of the virus.

To corroborate the above, Regional Director, WTC, Andrew Brown, stated this in a statement that was made available to PUNCH correspondent in Abuja by the NEGS on the group's recent forum that focused on the development of Nigeria's tourism and hospitality sectors. In his goodwill message at the forum, Brown stated that before the outbreak of COVID-19, travel and tourism accounted for 330 million jobs worldwide and that the figure was projected to grow to 440 million by 2030.[31] He encouraged operators in the industry to adopt safe travel steps and implement protocols that would help travelers feel safe when they travel. Furthermore, Brown revealed that women accounted for 54 percent of all jobs in travel and tourism, adding that stakeholders should continue to encourage all activities that would foster an equitable environment that would allow women to thrive in the work place.[32] The outbreak and spread of COVID-19 have affected the tourism industry more than any other sector. As countries of the world continue to place travel restrictions and closure of their borders, cruise companies, hotels, and hospitality industries are facing declining demand and patronage. For example, in Hungary alone, about 40 to 50 percent of hotel reservations have been canceled. The pandemic has also put up to 8 million leisure and hospitality jobs at risk, with travel crashes and cancellations expected to continue. The Nigerian Association of Travel Agents (NANTA) already has over 2000 registered members and over 35,000 employees are now severely affected and have no other way to earn a living. Travel agents are therefore a major player in the tourism sector, with sales and bookings of both international and continental air tickets declining during this period of lockdown due to COVID-19. Nairametrics reports that agencies have experienced a 50% drop in international ticket sales and bookings, with a recent statement from the agency's body citing the Fiscal stimulus is needed to meet challenges.[33] Therefore, there are approximately 6,000 travel agencies in Nigeria, 2,000 of which are registered with the Nigerian Association of Travel Agents (NANTA), with over 35,000 employees seriously affected.

In the tourism sector, although the recent influx of tourists to Nigeria has been declining due to growing security problems in the country such as the Boko Haram insurgency, armed robbers and arrests toads with many others. The COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent containment policies have only exacerbated the challenges in reducing tourist arrivals to the country. According to IATA as of April 23, 2020, it is estimated that due to COVID-19, Nigeria will have 4.7 million fewer tourists resulting in a loss of revenue of US$0.99 billion, at risk of generating 125,400 jobs and contributes US$0.89 billion to the Nigerian economy.[34]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the Nigerian entertainment industry by distorting the Nigerian Film Industry (NFI) revenue forecast for 2020, starting with unprecedented disruption to the global movie show times. The 2020 revenue of the Nigerian film industry (“NFI”) is estimated at USD 1 billion.[35] The Nigeria box office (“NBO”), which is a key division of NFI, is expected to improve its outstanding performance in 2019 and increase by approximately 10 percent compared to its performance in 2019 to bring revenue to approx. $35 million in 2020.[36] This wave of cancellations and reschedules is having a strong impact on NFI, including but not limited to the growing gap between Nigerian filmmakers and the required funding.

Moreover, according to UNESCO, COVID-19 is changing existing cultures and our entire way of life. It takes into account the closure of cultural facilities and World Heritage Sites and the suspension of cultural practices in communities. It also hinders cultural tourism around the world. The case of Nigeria, a multicultural society, is pathetic. The Cultural Tourism Center was closed and inaccessible during the COVID-19 lockdown. A verbal whistleblower, Oluwafemi Taiwo, was contacted in a telephone interview and found that all services were closed at the tourist center in Ilorin, Kwara, and staff were absent in most places during the lockdown.[37]

In addition, Abiola reports that domestic tourism services were provided at a very low level due to similarly low levels of patronage. He stressed that only local customers would be able to visit some of the still accessible tourism industry during the post-lockdown period, as overseas customers were not yet allowed into the country.[38] The tourism industry has also been affected as travel options for Chinese tourists, who typically spend billions of dollars a year, have been greatly reduced. Flight cancellations, hotel booking cancellations, and domestic and international event cancellations increased, worth more than $200 billion. As China is the world's largest manufacturing and exporting country and the Chinese government has ordered the closure of large factories, the flow of goods through Global Supply he chain has decreased significantly.[39]

The Roles of the Federal Government of Nigeria and other Stakeholders in Containing COVID-19 Pandemic

The Nigerian federal government's efforts in the healthcare sector and the provision of fiscal stimulus and emergency palliative care, among other efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic are examined herein. The key measures taken by the Nigerian government to contain the further spread of her COVID-19 included social distancing and a stay-at-home policy where workers were expected to refrain from working from home increase. This policy has led to restrained spending and a decline in consumption. Many factories have responded by halting or curtailing production and output, while in other cases employees have worked from home to limit physical contact and may exacerbate the unemployment problem. The latest unemployment report released by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) puts Nigeria's unemployment rate 21st out of 181 countries, with an unemployment rate of around 23.1%. The country also ranks as the poorest capital of the world, with an estimated 87 million people living on less than $2 a day.[40] Essentially, it is noteworthy that to note that before the outbreak of COVID-19, the Nigerian health sector was rated poorly. For instance, in 2017, during the WHO's Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of International Health Regulations (IHR)core capacities (an independent, collaborative multi-sectoral effort to assess a country's capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to public health risks), Nigeria scored poorly both in prevention and response. Also, Nigeria's average score of 1.9 across the 15 JEE indicators in the present category suggested that overall there was limited capacity to prevent biological, chemical or radiation health risks. The country was better prepared in the detect category, with an average score of 2.6 across the 13 indicators in this category. This score shows that the country has developed some capabilities to detect new health risks through real-time surveillance, and laboratory capabilities to test the diseases. However, the sustainability of these capabilities is still in doubt. The country performed badly in the respond category, with an average score of just 1.5 across the 20 indicators in this category, suggesting that Nigeria has limited capacity to respond to a sudden health risk.

These results show that Nigeria was unprepared to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is most evident in the low testing rates for COVID-19, especially in the early stages of the outbreak. Nigeria started with the capacity to test just 2,500 samples per day, but lacked staff, test kits, laboratories and case definition for testing prioritizing symptomatic cases and their contacts. , only half of them were administered each day. As of June 30, he had only tested 138,462 samples in Nigeria out of a population of 200 million. In contrast, South Africa, a country of 58 million people, has already carried out 1,630,008 tests. Also, before the outbreak, Nigeria had only 350 ventilators and 350 intensive care beds for the total population. For example, the country purchased 100 more ventilators in April 2020, but that wasn't enough given the rising number of cases. Cases and deaths in Nigeria are rising steadily and the curve is not flattening.[41]

Nonetheless, the Nigerian government can be commended for the many health social and economic measures it has taken to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. We have outlined its shortcomings, and some ways to improve its effectiveness. The House of Representatives passed his Emergency Economic Stimulus Bill 2020 on March 24 to help Nigerian businesses and individual citizens. The proposed law aims to give companies registered under the Companies and Affiliates Act a 50 percent tax rebate, allowing them to use their savings to keep their current employees employed increase. However, while the bill focuses on rescuing businesses in the formal sector, 65 percent of Nigeria's total GDP comes from the informal sector, which employs more than 90 percent of the workforce, and these Workers need help to survive. Many informal sector businesses are unregistered, making it difficult to reap these benefits. These companies are often backed by microfinance institutions. To help, governments must provide these businesses with small interest-free loans or small grants through microfinance institutions and other community-based channels.[42]

Another Federal Government effort that is significant in alleviating post-Covid-19 economic imbalances in Nigeria is the cash transfer initiative. On April 1, 2020, the government announced that it would transfer 20,000 naira ($52) to poor and vulnerable households registered with the National Social Registry (NSR). Currently, NSR has only 2.6 million households (about 11 million people) registered on its platform. The government hopes to increase this number to 3.6 million households during the COVID-19 crisis.[43]

However, it has been observed elsewhere that 87 million Nigerians live on less than $1.90 a day. As a result, cash payments from the federal government will reach only a small fraction of the poor. In addition, Nigeria lacks a strong national information management system, which makes electronic payments difficult. This resulted in many in the NSR not receiving the money promised by the government, among other factors. One immediate solution the government could explore is to provide prepaid debit cards to the poor. This can be done at the community/neighborhood level to ensure that the maps reach the poorest people. This is, of course, a stopgap solution and more effective measures like direct bank transfers need to be stepped up. But people need a Bank Verification Number (BVN) to open a bank account, and to get a BVN requires a valid national identity card or international passport, which many Nigerians do not have. Currently, only about 40% of Nigeria's population has a bank account. Therefore, with the data object type, electronic payment is not possible.[44]

The CBN Stimulus Package is providing N3 million in credit to needy families impacted by COVID-19. However, the loan requires collateral and is not interest-free. Loans can be made available to poor households without collateral or simply with the guarantee of community leaders. Loans should have a low interest rate with a long hold and a long repayment period. Furthermore, very few poor households and informal sector enterprises are aware of the existing economic programs and policies implemented by the government. After President Buhari imposed an embargo in the states of Lagos, FCT and Ogun on April 1, 2020, the Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development announced that it will provide masks portion of food for vulnerable households in these states. Protracted strikes have left people facing starvation in many parts of the country. The government has been unable to provide food aid to everyone who needs it, as the distribution system is rife with corruption and unclear accountability. The government needs to improve transparency and accountability in the meal distribution system. It must also ensure that intermediaries do not exercise undue control. The government can use the home marking system used during the polio campaign (which marks the houses visited by the vaccinated person) when distributing food, i.e. marking the homes where the food is being distributed. Neighborhood development committees can also be used to distribute food rations. Governments can also use better technology to seal leaks, track rations and reduce corruption.[45]

The Federal Government of Nigeria had sought monetary and material support from both domestic donors and international supporters. Therefore, the government has committed to invest part of this amount, and financial commitments have also been made by private, bilateral and multilateral organizations to raise the remaining capital. Nigeria's state oil company has pledged $30 million to support the government's efforts against COVID-19. The European Union has provided €50 million in joint funds to support Nigeria's response to COVID-19. Furthermore, the Nigerian private sector, after being urged by the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, established the Coalition Against COVID-19 (CACOVID). It was launched on March 26, 2020 to help the government control COVID-19 in Nigeria. CACOVID has raised more than $72 million, which was used to purchase food relief materials and medical facilities and equipment in different parts of the country. In addition to the above aid, the IMF has approved emergency assistance of $3.4 billion to the Nigerian government to cope with the economic impact of the pandemic. Furthermore, in order to alleviate the macroeconomic situation caused by the drop in oil prices, the Nigerian government borrowed $4.34 billion from the national stock market to finance its budget, among other loans for similar purposes.[46]

Conclusion and Recommendations

This paper dwelt on the COVID-19 pandemic and Nigeria's tourism industry. It has been claimed that the pandemic has had a negative impact on all sectors of the Nigerian economy and society, including the tourism industry. It is clear that several cancellations of hotel and travel bookings, several tourist deaths, and subsequent industry shutdowns were recorded during the peak of the pandemic. The entertainment industry has also seen an increase in event cancellations and rescheduling, resulting in loss of billions of dollars and millions of jobs lost. Based on the challenges faced by the tourism industry in Nigeria emanating from the pandemic, the paper recommends the following measures:

i.                    Social distancing, use of face masks, regular hand washing, and other measures suggested by the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) during the pandemic.

ii.                  The government should pay the passenger his 50 percent compensation in the form of a discount on the regular fare and flexibly change travel plans so that travelers who booked before the COVID-19 lockdown can continue to travel and encourage them to take advantage of tourism.

iii.               Key players in tourism and other sectors should receive palliative care as a financial intervention to recover from the lingering impact of COVID-19.

iv.               The government should implement intervention projects to rebuild Nigeria's tourism industry. The industry will also need government relief to improve its financial strength and better serve tourists. Many Nigerian airlines have found themselves in a weak financial position exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

v.                  Financial commitment is also required to recapitalize and support industry operations. This will help to bring back redundant staff, pay outstanding wages, refurbish and maintain existing facilities and machinery/equipment. It will also help tourism industry operators to lower prices, stimulating stronger travel and leisure behavior for tourists as lockdowns are eased.

vi.               Meeting the industry's post-lockdown financial commitments will require cooperation between tourism attraction operators, governments and donor organizations. Collaboration here should go beyond fundraising to share ideas and strategies on how to improve the industry and survive in the face of future challenges.

vii.             The tourism industry needs to introduce advanced communication technology. A “cloud-based real estate management system” that reduces social presence and promotes efficiency should be part of the industry. This encourages remote and telecommuting, reduces costs, and promotes social distancing in the event of a future pandemic. Operators in the tourism industry can easily manage their operations and businesses anytime, anywhere. This would also help build tourists' psychological confidence in their health and safety.

viii.           As a new marketing strategy, it is necessary to promote the provision of meals and services. Hoteliers and restaurants cater for customers who may still be afraid to interact freely with others despite safety measures taken by governments and hospitality operators. This suggests that the tourism industry should adopt contactless ordering and service delivery, including ordering through electronic applications.

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World Travel and Tourism Council (WTC) Report, 2021.


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