Article Citation: Mannir Abba & Asiyatu Abubakar Bagudo (2020). Appraisal of Social impact of Non-formal Education Programmes on Custodial Inmates for Community Development in Katsina State, Nigeria. DEGEL: The Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2. ISSN 0794-9316
By
Mannir Abba & Asiyatu, Abubakar Bagudo
Abstract
This study focussed on assessing the
social impact of Non-formal Education (NFE) programmes on custodial inmates for
community development in Katsina State, Nigeria. Two research questions and one
null hypothesis guided the study. A descriptive survey research design was
adopted for the study. The population of the study was 762 inmates in the 11
correctional custodial centres in Katsina State at the time of the study out of
which a sample of 351 respondents comprising all the 266 male convicted inmates
and 85 female convicted inmates of the Katsina central correctional centre were
purposively selected for the study. The instrument used for data collection was
self-structured questionnaire tagged “Questionnaire on Social Impact of Non-formal Education Programmes on
Custodial Inmates (QOSIONFEPOCI)”.
The instrument was subjected to face validation by three experts. The
reliability index of the research instrument was 0.85. The data collected for
the study were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation,
while the null hypothesis was tested using t-test at the probability of 0.05
level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that there were inmates trainees in the Katsina central custodial
centre and most of them have benefited from the programmes by acquiring
knowledge tthat enhanced their social well-being during and after their
incarceration. Based on these
findings, the study recommended among others that, the Nigerian government should
introduce and extend more NFE programmes for inmates in the custodial centres
of the state. Also governmental and non-governmental organisations and other
stakeholders should be encouraged to provide the much needed support for
effective integration of discharged inmates into the society and enhancing
their social well-being in the state and country at large.
Introduction
Nations have formulated rules and regulations which
constitute the penal policies towards the administration and dispensation of
criminal justice in the effort to punish as well as reform criminal-minded
individuals. The rationale
for imprisonment in Nigeria is evident in decree No. 9 of 1972 which assigns
the prisons with the responsibility among other functions, to teach and train
the prisoners to become useful and law abiding citizens on discharge. These
responsibilities according to Igbo (2007) are discharged through carefully
designed and well-articulated administrative, reformative and rehabilitative
programmes aimed at inculcating discipline, respect for law and order, and the
dignity of honest labour. The offender, in this wise, is prepared to become not
only law abiding but also useful to both himself and the society at the
expiration of his/her sentence. The United Nations (UN) Declaration of Human
Rights in 1948 states that everyone has a right to education and Rule 71 (3) of
the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners states “sufficient
work of useful nature shall be provided to keep prisoners actively employed for
a normal working day”. Nigeria, considering this as significant, strongly
endorsed this declaration in 1976.
Nigeria Correctional Service (NCS)
was formally known as Nigeria Prisons Service (NPS). Nigeria Prison Service
according to Abba and Mbagwu (2016) was renamed as Nigeria Correctional Service
(NCS) following third reading and passage of “A Bill for an Act to Repeal the
Prisons Act Cap. P29 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004 and enact the
Nigerian Prison and Correctional Service in order to make comprehensive
provision for the administration of prisons in Nigeria and for related purpose
by the Senate”. According to the Bill, the change of name of the sector is “to
underscore the human aspect of the reform focus of prisons administration and
to conform to provisions in the international instrument”. The Nigerian
Correctional Service (NCS) according to Hassan and Oloyede (2013) is exclusively a Federal Government
concern and phenomenon which means that no State for now has the constitutional
responsibility to operate or maintain inmates’ correctional service custodial
centres.
The statutory objectives of the Nigerian Correctional
Service according to Federal Republic of Nigeria (2019) include ensuring the
safe custody of awaiting trial and convicted inmates as well as their
reformation and rehabilitation. These responsibilities are discharged through
carefully designed and well-articulated administrative, reformative and
rehabilitative programmes aimed at inculcating discipline, respect for law and
order, and the dignity of honest labour. In the word of Obiozor and Obidiegwu
(2013), the offender, in this wise, is
prepared to become not only law abiding but also useful to both himself and the
society at the expiration of his sentence.
The concept of inmates’ custodial
centre is perceived differently by different authorities. Asokhia and Agbonluae (2013) views inmates’ custodial
centre as an institution which has been set aside by law for safe custody of
people, legally confined for anti-social behavior, with a view to training them
to become useful citizens of the free society after incarceration. In the
context of this study, it is an institution designed to securely house and
rehabilitate people who have been convicted of crime or are on awaiting trial.
These individuals known as inmates are kept in continuous custody on a short or
long-term basis in correctional custodial centres or hospital.
In Katsina State, FGN (2019) reports
that there are 11 custodial centres
at the time of the study such as, Katsina
central custodial centre (convicts); Daura medium security custodial centre
(convicts); Daura old custodial centre (convicts); Funtua medium security
custodial centre (convicts); Dtsinma satellite custodial centre (awaiting trials); Jibia satellite custodial centre (awaiting trials); Malumfashi satellite custodial centre (awaiting trials);
Mani satellite custodial centre (awaiting trials);
Musawa satellite custodial centre (awaiting trials);
Kankia satellite custodial centre (awaiting trials) and
Ingawa custodial farm centre.
For the purpose of actualising the
objectives of rehabilitation of inmates in the country, NFE programmes are
advocated and provided in Nigerian inmates’ custodial centres in a wide range
of adult education courses which are both relevant and essential for
eradication of illiteracy among inmates and enabling them to become
self-employed after serving their jail terms. Despite the existence of these
NFE programmes in the custodial centres yet, the rate of crimes, illiteracy,
unemployment and recidivism among ex-prisoners is on the increased in the area.
Recidivism means “relapsing of discharged prisoners back to criminal behaviour
which sometimes may forces them back to criminal behaviour and re-conviction
into custodial centres.
From the foregoing, non-formal
education has been defined in different ways by various scholars. Obiozor and
Obidiegwu (2013) defines non-formal education as all educational activities
which take place outside the school system. It covers all educational
activities or training which is aimed at improving knowledge, skills, attitude
and values of different groups of people, children, youth and adults out of
school. It is an educational activity with a purpose designed to meet the need
and situation of the learner. This means that it is purposeful and flexible,
designed to meet with the challenging life circumstances and make learners
competent throughout life. In the word of Ngwu (2016), non-formal adult
education covers training and instruction outside the formal education,
apprenticeship, vocational training in craft centres, and even a nationwide
mass literacy campaigns. It includes such forms of education for critical
consciousness (self and social awareness) or community education as integral
parts of development action programmes.
The available non-formal education programmes, in some Nigerian prisons according to Ngwu (2016)
include: basic literacy education programme; post-literacy; functional
literacy; continuing education; remedial education; vocational education;
distance education; and civic education programmes. These programmes are
advocated and provided for the rehabilitation of inmates in a wide range of
adult education courses which are both relevant and essential for their
employment after serving their prison terms.
Social well-being is an end state in
which basic human needs are met and people are able to coexist peacefully in
communities with opportunities for advancement. This end state is characterised
by equal access to and delivery of basic needs services (water, food, shelter,
and health services), the provision of primary and secondary education, the
return or resettlement of those displaced by violent conflict, and the
restoration of social fabric and community life. In the context of this study,
the term “social wellbeing” is a
sense of involvement with prison inmates and with prison environment or with
the communities. Many researchers believed that wellbeing is not just about being happy or content, but also about being actively engaged with life and with other people. According
to Abba (2016), peace cannot be sustained over the long term without addressing
the social well-being of a population. Without basic necessities such as food
or shelter, large-scale social instability will persist because people will be
unable to resume the functions of normal life—sustaining a livelihood,
travelling safely, engaging in community activities, or attending school.
Without helping people return to their homes or new communities of their choice
or providing a means for peacefully keeping away from crimes and civil
offences, prison inmates and ex-prisoners may not move beyond recidivating back
to prison or rebuild their lives.
To the best knowledge of the
researcher, no empirical studies have specifically ever been carried out on the
social impact of non-formal education programmes on custodial inmates in the
study area. It is against this background that this study set to carry out a
research on the social impact of non-formal education programmes on custodial
inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria.
Statement of
the Problem
It is evident from the background
that, the statutory
objectives of the Nigerian Correctional Service include ensuring the safe
custody of awaiting trial and convicted inmates as well as their reformation
and rehabilitation. For the purpose of actualizing these objectives, non-formal education
programmes for the rehabilitation of inmates were established in some Nigeria
correctional service custodial centres. In spite of the present modest
improvements of the correctional service, the prison inmates’ population in the
country continues to witness a dramatic increase in recent years of which FGN
(2019) noted that the figures from the prisons indicate that there was a total
of 48,408 prisoners in custody nationwide as at the year 2019. Out of this
number, 33,552 are awaiting trials while only 14,856 are convicts. About 70
percent of these persons “awaiting trials” are charged for offences ranging
from armed robbery to murder, arson, drugs trafficking, pipeline offences etc.
Sadly, there is an apparent lack of
research report which has examined the social impact of NFE programmes on
custodial inmates in the study area. Hence, the need for this study which
examined the social impact of non-formal education programmes on custodial
inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria. Thus, this study was carried out to fill the
research gap by providing information on the social impact of non-formal
education programmes on custodial inmates in the study area.
Review of Related Empirical Studies
For the purpose of this
study, several empirical studies that are related to this work are reviewed as
follows.
Agbakwuru and Godfrey (2016) carried out a study on
Incarceration and the Well-being of Prison Inmates in Nigeria. The main purpose
of the study was to investigate the
influence of incarceration on the well-being of prison inmates in Nigerian
prisons in Port Harcourt Prison, Rivers State, Nigeria. The population of
inmates in this prison at the time of study was 2,997 while the sample size for
the study was 250 inmates. The study adopted ex-post facto research design. The
results of the study show that nature of incarceration does not influence the
physical and vocational well-being of prison inmates. However, it influences
their psychological, social and educational well-being.
The study of Agbakwuru and Godfrey is related to the
present study as they are both concerned with rehabilitation of inmates and
their well-being in prison and after incarceration. However, both studies
differ as Agbakwuru and Godfrey study was on the influence of incarceration on the well-being of prison inmates in
Nigerian prisons in Port Harcourt Prison in Rivers State, Nigeria, while
the present study focused on the social impact of NFE programmes on custodial
inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria.
Abba and Mbagwu (2016) carried out a study titled
“Vocational Skills Training Needs of Prison inmates for Economic Growth in
Katsina State, Nigeria”. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study.
One research question and one null hypothesis guided the study. The population
of the study was 1,420 prison inmates of the three convicts’ prisons in the
State at the time of the study. The sample size of the study was 351 convicted
prison inmates comprising 266 males and 85 females. The instrument used for
data collection was self-structured questionnaire tagged “Questionnaire on
Vocational Skills Training Needs of Prison Inmates (QVSTNPI). The instrument
was subjected to face validation by three experts. The reliability coefficient
for the instrument was 0.80. The data collected was presented using descriptive
statistics of mean and standard deviation, while the null hypothesis was tested
using t-test at the probability of 0.05 level of significance. The finding of
the study revealed among others that there were prison inmates trainees in the
Katsina Central Convicts’ prison of the study area. The study recommended among
others that qualified vocational instructors in various trades should be
recruited into Nigeria Prisons Service (NPS) for the training of inmates in the
study area and the country at large.
The study is related to the present one, as they are
both concerned with educational programmes for rehabilitation of inmates.
However, both studies differ as Abba and Mbagwu (2016) carried out a study on
vocational skills training needs of prison inmates for economic growth in
Katsina State while the present study assesses the social impact of VSA
programmes on custodial inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria.
A study on Vocational Training Needs
of Prison Inmates in Delta State for Self Reliance was carried out by Onweonye,
Obinne and Odu (2013). The purpose of the study is to investigate the
vocational training needs of prison inmates in five prisons of Delta State –
Warri, Sapele, Kwale, Agbor and Ogwashi - uku Prisons, Nigeria. A survey
research design was adopted for the investigation. The population of the study
comprises 196 prison inmates and 48 trade instructors, making total of 244
respondents. The total population of the respondents is used as the sample size
of the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured
questionnaire, whereas the analysis of the collected data was done using mean
and standard deviations while the test of the research hypotheses was done
using t-test. The result of the findings of the study revealed among others
that there were prison inmates’ trainees in the five prisons of Delta State and
there are inadequate educational programmes for the rehabilitation of inmates
in the study area. Based on the findings, Onweonye, et al (2013) recommended
among others that well- equipped modern workshops should be built in all the
prison location for effective inmates training and rehabilitation. The study is
related to the present study as they are both concerned with educational
programmes for rehabilitation of inmates. However, both studies differ as
Onweonye, et al (2013) study was on vocational training needs of prison inmates
in Delta State for Self Reliance while the present study assessed the social
impact of NFE programmes on custodial inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria. Also,
the later and the present study also differ in terms of subject area,
population and geographical location.
A study on rehabilitation of
convicts in Federal Prisons in Kogi State, Nigeria was carried out by Ugwuoke
and Ameh (2014). The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of
Kogi State Prisons in carrying out their assigned duties of rehabilitating and
reforming inmates and ensuring their reintegration into the society as
complete, self-supporting members of the society. Descriptive survey design was
adopted for the study. The population of the study was 868 respondents which
consist of 410 convicts and 458 staff of the prisons as at May, 2010. The study
made use of a sample of 147 respondents which were selected using stratified
random sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was a structured
questionnaire, whereas the analysis of the collected data was done using simple
percentages and chi-square (x2). The result of the findings of the
study revealed among others that 43 (10.6%) out of 410 are recidivist while
majority are first offenders; this implies that ex-convicts actually relapse
back to crime. Based on the findings, Ugwuoke and Ameh recommended among others
that: urgent need for a practical review of Nigeria’s penal policy should be
intensified for the rehabilitation of prison inmate in Nigerian prisons. This
study is related to the present study as they are both concerned with
programmes that are centred to rehabilitation of inmates. However, both studies
differs as Ugwuoke and Ameh study was on rehabilitation of convicts in Nigeria
prisons, while the present study assessed the social impact of NFE programmes
on custodial inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria.
Another study was carried out by Hassan
and Oloyede (2013) on the evaluation of the components of adult education on the
inmates’ welfare in Agodi Prison Yard, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The main
purpose of the study was to assess the impact of adult education programmes on
the inmates. Survey design was adopted for the study. The population of the
study comprised 640 respondents (awaiting trials, convicts and prison staff)
obtained from the prison yard. Through simple random sampling technique, 195
respondents were selected as sample size from the entire population of the
study. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The
research data was analyzed using 4 points rating scale on a weight value of 4 –
1. The result of findings of the study revealed among others that the major
adult education programmes provided for inmates in the prison were basic
literacy and post literacy programme, vocational and technical education,
religious education, computer education, distance learning education programme
in that order.
The study of Hassan and Oloyede (2013) is related to the present study as
both of them concerned with adult education programmes for inmates. Also both
the study and the present study are survey research designs. However, both
studies differ as Hassan and Oloyede study was on the evaluation of the
component of adult education on the inmates’ welfare while the present study
assessed the social impact of NFE programmes on custodial inmates in Katsina
State, Nigeria. The study of Hassan and Oloyede and the present study also
differ in terms of population and geographical location.
Finally, Omoni and Ijeh (2009) carried out a study
titled “An Assessment of the Qualitative Education for Prisoners in Delta
State, Nigeria”. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The
population of the study consisted of all the 310 prison staff in the five prisons
in Delta State: Agbor, Kwale, Ogwashi-Uku, Sapele and Warri, and 166 academic
staff of the College of Education, Agbor making total of 476 respondents. The
researchers used stratified random sampling technique to determine the sample
size of 300 respondents for the study. The instrument for data collection for
the study was a self-structured questionnaire, whereas the data was analysed
using simple percentages and chi-square (x2). The findings of the
study revealed among others that the two groups agreed that prisoners need
vocational and formal education for their rehabilitation. The study is related
to this present study because both studies focused on non-formal educational
programmes for inmates. However, both studies differ as the study of Omoni
(2009) assessed the qualitative education for prisoners while the present study
assessed the social impact of NFE programmes on custodial inmates in Katsina
State, Nigeria.
From the literature reviewed, it is clear that most of
the existing studies did pay more attention to economic benefits as against
social benefits of NFE programmes for inmates which are the focus of this
study. Also, most of the locally available studies focused on other States
other than Katsina State. The essence of this study is to fill the identified
gaps in the literature.
Purpose
of the Study
The general purpose of the
study is to assess the
social impact of non-formal education programmes on custodial inmates in
Katsina State, Nigeria. Specifically,
the study sought to:
1.
Examine the extent to which non-formal educational
programmes have enhanced social well- being of custodial inmates in Katsina
State, Nigeria.
2.
Ascertain the challenges facing non-formal educational
programmes for enhancing social well-being of custodial inmates in Katsina
State, Nigeria.
Research
hypothesis
H01 There is no significant difference
between the mean ratings of the male and female custodial inmates on the extent
to which non-formal educational programmes for inmates enhanced their social
well-being in Katsina State, Nigeria.
Research Methodology
The research design for this study was descriptive
survey design. Descriptive survey research design according to Nworgu, (2015),
aims at studying a group of people or items by collecting and analysing data
from a sample of the same group or items considered to be a representative of
the entire population. This design is suitable for the study as the researcher
was interested in the assessment of the
social impact of NFE programmes on custodial inmates in Katsina State,
Nigeria.
The population of the study is 762
inmates of the 11 correctional custodial centres in Katsina State at the time
of the study out of which a sample of 351 comprising all the 266 male long term
convicted inmates and 85 long term female convicted inmates of the Katsina
central correctional custodial centre were purposively selected for the study. The rationale behind choosing
Katsina central custodial centre and it convicted inmates is for the fact that,
out of the available custodial centres in the State, NFE programmes for the
rehabilitation of inmates are only found available in the Katsina central
custodial centre at the time of the study. However, even in the selected
custodial centre the NFE programmes were majorly designed for convicted
inmates. Therefore, the researcher used the whole convicted inmates in the
selected centre for the
Study. See table 1 bellow for the population and
sample size of the respondents for the study.
Table 1:
Population and Sample Size of the Respondents for the Study
|
S/N |
Prison Location |
Number of Awaiting Trial Inmates (A T I) |
Total ATI |
Number of Convicted Inmates (C I) |
Total CP |
Grand Total Inmates’ |
Total Sampled Males C I
|
Total Sampled Females C I |
Grand Total Sampled C I |
||
|
Male |
Females |
|
Male |
Female |
Population |
|
|
|
|||
|
1. |
Katsina Central Custody |
48 |
20 |
68 |
266 |
85 |
351 |
419 |
266 |
85 |
351 |
|
2.
|
Daura Medium Security Custody |
20 |
13 |
33 |
33 |
15 |
48 |
81 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
3. |
Daura Old Custody |
20 |
06 |
26 |
23 |
12 |
35 |
61 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
4. |
Dutsinma Satellite Prison |
10 |
04 |
14 |
11 |
04 |
15 |
29 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
5. |
Funtua Medium Security Prison |
14 |
06 |
20 |
22 |
07 |
29 |
49 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
6. |
Ingawa Farm Centre |
12 |
05 |
17 |
23 |
07 |
30 |
47 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
7. |
Jibiya Satellite Prison |
07 |
04 |
11 |
12 |
06 |
18 |
29 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
8. |
Kankia Satellite Prison |
06 |
04 |
10 |
08 |
06 |
14 |
24 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
9. |
Malumfashi Satellite Prison |
07 |
04 |
11 |
06 |
03 |
09 |
20 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
10. |
Mani Satellite Prison |
03 |
02 |
05 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
05 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
11. |
Musawa Satellite Prison |
06 |
04 |
10 |
05 |
03 |
08 |
18 |
00 |
00 |
00 |
|
Total |
11 |
153 |
72 |
225 |
409 |
148 |
557 |
782 |
266 |
85 |
351 |
Source: Nigeria Correctional Service
(NCS), Katsina State Command Headquarters (2021) Report.
The research instrument used for data collection was a
structured questionnaire designed by the researchers titled, “Questionnaire on
Social Impact of Non-formal Education Programmes on Custodial Inmates (QOSIONFEPOCI)”. It had total of 16 items in 2 clusters (A and B), 8 items grouped
in each cluster based on the two research questions formulated for the study.
The instrument was face validated by three experts from the Faculty of
Education and Extension Services, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. In order
to ascertain the reliability of the instrument, using two research assistants
36 copies of the questionnaire were administered to convicted inmates of the
Sokoto central correctional service custodial centre which did not form part of
the study area but is similar in nature and has common NFE programmes for
inmates. The internal
consistency reliability of the instrument was established for the study using
Cronbach Alfa with a reliability coefficient of 0.85. The essence was to
determine whether the research instrument is consistent in measuring what it is
expected to measure in terms of it clarity and comprehensiveness. For the purpose of data collection for the
study, a quantitative method of field survey was used in this study by
the researchers. This was done with the aid of two research assistants from
each of the male and female custodies of the Katsina central custodial centre
respectively, making total of four research assistants for the study. The
entire instruments were administered and collected the same day and a hundred
percent (100%) rate of return was recorded. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics of
mean. Real limit of the mean value was used to answer the research questions of
the study. This was
classified based on the following level of extent and agreement: for the
research question 1, any item whose real limit is within 3.50 - 4.00 was
regarded as Very High Extent (VHE), 2.50 – 3.49 as High Extent (HE), 1.50 –
2.49 as Low Extent (LE) and 0.05 – 1.49 as Very Low Extent (VLE). For the
research question 2, any item whose real limit mean value is 3.50 - 4.00 was
regarded as Strongly Agree (SA), 2.50 – 3.49 as Agree (A), 1.50 – 2.49 as
Disagree (D) and 0.05 – 1.49 as Strongly Disagree (SD). The inferential statistics of t-test
was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. In testing
the null hypotheses, the probability associated with the t-value was used for
taking decision. When the associated probability value is greater than 0.05
level of significance, the researchers accepts the null hypothesis. Whereas the
associated probability value is less than 0.05 level of significance, the
researchers rejects the null hypothesis.
Research
Results
Research Question One:
To what extent have non-formal
education programmes enhanced social well- being of the custodial inmates in
Katsina State, Nigeria?
The result of the study as presented
in Table 1 shows the mean and standard deviations of the respondents on the
extent to which non-formal educational programmes have enhanced social well-
being of the inmates in Katsina State. Result from items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
and 8 had mean ratings of 3.13, 2.88, 2.66, 2.77, 2.83, 2.78, 2.72 and 2.77
with standard deviations of 0.71, 0.82, 0.81, 0.80, 0.82, 0.84, 0.93 and 0.86
respectively. This is because the mean values of the items are above the cut
off mean of 2.50 for decision making. The cluster mean of 2.82 with a standard
deviation of 0.35 is obtained in the above results, concluding that respondents
accept to a high extent that their participation in the NFE programmes have
enhanced their social well-being by influencing change in their behaviour for
better.
Table 1:
Mean and Standard deviations of the respondents on the extent to which
non-formal education programmes enhanced social well-being of the custodial
inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria
|
S/No |
Item |
N |
|
S D |
Dec. |
|
1 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes of your prison has influenced changing of their
behaviour for better. |
351 |
3.13 |
0.71 |
HE |
|
2 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes has empowered them to keep away from violence within
and outside the prison wall. |
351 |
2.88 |
0.82 |
HE |
|
3 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes in the prison has empowered them to acquire communal
spirit of helping each other. |
351 |
2.66 |
0.81 |
HE |
|
4 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes has contributed in reducing the rate of social vices in
the society by empowering them to become self-reliance within and outside
the prison wall. |
351 |
2.77 |
0.80 |
HE |
|
5 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes has empowered them to keep away from unlawful assembly
that may lead them to get involved in prison riot or jail break. |
350 |
2.83 |
0.82 |
HE |
|
6 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes has empowered them to have the means of settling debt
charges against them. |
351 |
2.78 |
0.84 |
HE |
|
7 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes has empowered them to keep away from drug abuse act in
discharge. |
351 |
2.72 |
0.93 |
HE |
|
8 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition through non-formal
education programmes has empowered them to continue to take care of their
family during and after their jail term. |
351 |
2.77 |
0.86 |
HE |
|
|
Grand Mean and Standard Deviation |
351 |
2.82 |
0.37 |
HE |
Key: Key: N = Number of respondents,
Hypothesis One
(H01)
There is no significant difference
between the mean ratings of the male and female custodial inmates on the extent
to which non-formal education programmes enhanced their social well- being in
Katsina State, Nigeria.
Table 2:
t-test analysis of the significant difference between the mean ratings of the
male and female custodial inmates on the extent to which non-formal education
programmes have enhanced their social well-being in Katsina State, Nigeria.
|
|
Male = 266, Female = 85 |
|||||||||
|
S/N |
Item Statement |
Gender |
|
SD |
t-cal |
Df |
Sig |
Dec |
|
|
|
1 |
Inmates’ skills acquisition
through non-formal education programmes has influenced changing of their
behaviour for better. |
Male Female |
3.14 3.12 |
0.71 0.73 |
0.24 |
349 |
0.81 |
NS |
||
|
2 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has empowered them
to keep away from violence within and outside the custodial centre. |
Male Female |
2.90 2.81 |
0.82 0.81 |
0.85 |
349 |
0.40 |
NS |
||
|
3 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has empowered them
to acquire communal spirit of helping each other. |
Male Female |
2.65 2.69 |
0.80 0.86 |
-0.41 |
349 |
0.68 |
NS |
||
|
4 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has contributed in
reducing the rate of social vices in the society by empowering them to become
self-reliance within and outside the custodial centre. |
Male Female |
2.73 2.91 |
0.80 0.77 |
-1.82 |
349 |
0.07 |
NS |
||
|
5 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has empowered them
to keep away from unlawful assembly that may lead them to get involved in
riot or jail break. |
Male Female |
2.77 3.00 |
0.82 0.82 |
-2.25 |
349 |
0.25 |
NS |
||
|
6 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has empowered them
to have the means of settling debt charges against them. |
Male Female |
2.76 2.86 |
0.81 0.94 |
-0.98 |
349 |
0.33 |
NS |
||
|
7 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has empowered them
to keep away from drug abuse act in discharge. |
Male Female |
2.70 2.75 |
0.95 0.86 |
-0.43 |
349 |
0.67 |
NS |
||
|
8 |
Inmates’
skills acquisition through non-formal education programmes has empowered them
to continue to take care of their family during and after their jail term. |
Male Female |
2.76 2.84 |
0.86 0.84 |
-0.75 |
349 |
0.46 |
NS |
||
|
|
Grand Mean and Standard Deviation |
Male Female |
2.80 2.87 |
0.37 0.35 |
-1.59 |
349 |
0.11 |
NS |
||
Key: N = Number of respondents,
Result in Table 4 reveals that the
t-values of 0.24, 0.85, -0.41, -1.82, -2.25, -0.98, -0.43, -0.75 and -1.59 with
associated probabilities of 0.81, 0.40, 0.68, 0.07, 0.25, 0.33, 0.67 and 0.46
respectively were obtained. Items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 show that there was
no significant difference between the mean ratings of the male and female
custodial inmates on the extent to which non-formal education programmes have
enhanced their social well-being in Katsina State, Nigeria, because their
probability values were greater than 0.05 level of significance. The overall
cluster t-value of -1.59 with a degree of freedom of 349 and a probability
value of 0.11 was also obtained. This means that the null hypothesis which
stated that there is no significant difference between the mean ratings of the
male and female custodial inmates on the extent to which non-formal education
programmes have enhanced their social well-being in Katsina State, Nigeria is
accepted. Inference drawn therefore is that non-formal education programmes has
enhanced social well-being of the inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria.
Research
Question Two:
What are the challenges facing
non-formal education programmes for enhancing social well-being of custodial
inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria?
Table 3:
Mean and Standard Deviations of the respondents on the challenges facing
non-formal education programmes for enhancing their social well-being in
Katsina State, Nigeria.
N = 351
|
S/No |
Item |
|
|
S D |
Dec. |
|
1 |
Inadequate support from governmental agencies in
the implementation of non-formal education programmes for enhancing social
well-being of inmates. |
|
3.21 |
0.70 |
A |
|
2 |
Inadequate non-governmental agencies’ support in
the implementation of the non-formal education programmes for enhancing
social well-being of inmates. . |
|
3.27 |
0.66 |
A |
|
3 |
Lack of inmates’will to participate in the non-formal education
programmes for their social well-being. |
|
2.36 |
0.99 |
A |
|
4 |
Inadequate market for disposing the inmates’ trade
produces within and outside the custodial centre. |
|
2.92 |
0.84 |
A |
|
5 |
In efficient management in the implementation of
non-formal education programmes for enhancing social well-being of inmates
in the custodial centre. |
|
3.00 |
0.71 |
A |
|
6 |
Inadequate instructional material for training of
inmates to acquire education for their social well-being. |
|
3.15 |
0.71 |
A |
|
7 |
Inadequate teaching and learning environment in the
custodial centre for training of inmates to acquire education for their
social well-being. |
|
3.32 |
0.68 |
A |
|
8 |
Inadequate trained adult educators to disseminate
relevant knowledge to inmates for enhancing their social well-being in the
custodial centre. |
|
3.32 |
0.67 |
A |
|
|
Grand Mean and Standard Deviation |
|
3.07 |
0.34 |
A |
Key: N = Number of respondents;
A=Agreed;
The result of the study as presented
in Table 3, shows that items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 had mean ratings of
3.21, 3.27, 3.36, 2.92, 3.00, 3.15, 3.32 and 3.32 with standard deviations of
0.70, 0.66, 0.99, 0.84, 0.71, 0.71, 0.68 and 0.67 respectively. This indicates
that respondents agree that there are challenges affecting the VSA programmes
for enhancing their social well-being in Katsina State, Nigeria. This is
because the mean values of the items are within the real limit of 2.50 -3.49
for decision making. The cluster mean of 3.07 with a standard deviation of 0.34
showed that all the items in Table 3 are the challenges affecting the VSA
programmes for enhancing social well-being of inmates in the study area.
Discussion of the Results
Finding from the research question one of this study
reveals that the
respondents unanimously accept to a high extent that NFE programmes have enhanced their social well-being to a high extent in the study
area. This result agrees with Agbakwuru and Godfrey (2016) who confirmed
that educational programmes in some Nigeria Correctional Custodial Centres influence inmates’ psychological and social
well-being. The result of this present study also agrees with Hassan and
Oloyede (2013) who noted that inmates that received educational training while
in the custody mostly become socially rehabilitated thereby enhancing their
social well-being during and after their jail terms.
The first hypothesis (H01)
centred on finding out if there was no significant difference between the mean
ratings of the male and female inmates on the extent to which the NFE
programmes enhanced social well- being of inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria.
The result shows that the respondents accept unanimously that there was
significant difference in the mean responses of the male and female inmates on
the extent to which NFE programmes enhanced their social well-being in Katsina
State.
This is in agreement with Abba and
Mbagwu (2016) who noted that there was significant difference in the mean
responses of the male and female inmates on the extent to which VSA programmes
enhanced their socio-economic well-being.
From the result of the research question two for this
study, the respondents unanimously agreed that there are challenges facing NFE programmes for enhancing social well-being of inmates
in Katsina State, Nigeria.
This finding is in line with Asokhia
(2013) who noted that there are inadequate modern workshop and equipment for
rehabilitation of inmates in most Nigerian prisons. It is also in agreement
with Agbakwuru and Godfrey (2013) who revealed that most of the Nigerian
prisons had very limited facilities for rehabilitation of inmates. The finding
also agrees with Onweonye, Obinne and Odu (2013) who reported that there are
inadequate educational programmes for the rehabilitation of inmates in some
Nigeria Correctional Custodial Centres.
Conclusion
The study looks at how non-formal
education programmes enhanced social well-being of
inmates in Katsina State, Nigeria. The challenges affecting the NFE programmes
for the rehabilitation of inmates in the study area were also examined. This
study concludes that if inmates are empowered through NFE programmes, their social well-being will be adequately
enhanced. Therefore, if more educational programmes are introduced and also
extended to awaiting trial custodial centres in the study area, more access to
education will be given to inmates and be encouraged to participate and acquire
knowledge through NFE programmes. The knowledge acquired through NFE programmes
may enable them to re-enter society as educated and self-reliant citizens.
Recommendations
Based on these findings, the
researchers made the following recommendations that:
(1) More qualified adult educators / instructors of
various educational programmes should be recruited into Nigeria Correctional
Service (NCS) for the training of inmates in other custodial centres of the
State;
(2) The NCS should introduce formal education
programmes and more NFE programmes that are not available in the study area.
(3) Adequate teaching and learning environment and
instructional materials should be provided for the implementation of NFE
programmes in the state.
(4) The law and provisions that
govern the treatment of offenders should also be reviewed, especially the one
that takes care of educational programmes for inmates, which only approve
educational training for convicted inmates. Hence, the awaiting trial inmates
and other convicted inmtes in the satellite’s custodial centres will be engaged
to participate in the programmes so as to enhance their social well-being in
the state and the country at large;
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The official website of the DEGEL Jounal is https://www.degeljournal.com
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