Article Citation: Musa, Dalhatu Liman (2021). Activities of House Dealers/Agents in Gusau Metropolis: Analysis from Islamic Perspective. DEGEL: The Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1. ISSN 0794-9316
ACTIVITIES
OF HOUSE DEALERS/AGENTS IN GUSAU METROPOLIS: ANALYSIS FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
By
Musa,
Dalhatu Liman
Abstract
This paper focus on the
activities of house dealers or agents in Gusau metropolis while also analyzing
their operations to evaluate their compliance with the Islamic Shari’ah
principles. The finding of this research shows that the agent activities in Gusau
metropolis is solely on their role to market and promote the products as most
of the agents needs to know the basic concept of agency or Wakalah in Islam and
which will make them act more in accordance with principles of Islam in their
day to day business activities. The paper further concluded that the agency
system should be further strengthened as it has important role in house sale or
renting business. Indirectly, it can enhance the development of Islamic system
of business in Gusau metropolis as well as make it known to the society that it
is a good system and can completely be translated to Islamic method of business
if the laws applicable to were adopted. Qualitative method was used in this
research which is based on library research, reference to many books, articles,
proceeding papers, handouts, journals, internet source and interview.
Introduction
As
the Religion of Islam recognized business activities in day to day life of all
Muslims, the execution of contracts or agency should strictly observe
the requirements of Islam particularly the Islamic law that are applicable to
such activity. Failure to satisfy the tenets of the Shari’ah principles
may result in invalidation of the activity and will require purification of the
earned income.[1]
Subsequently, while Islam continuously explore possible routes to simplify the
execution of contracts and to give the society a better experience and provide
Muslims with purified wealth, it also try to minimize potential operational
lapses in the execution of the activity that may lead to inadvertent financial
losses to the parties.
Allah
(SWT)[2]
said in the Glorious Qur’an:
So send
one of you with these silver coins of yours to the city, and let him find which
food is the purest, and then bring you provisions from it. Let him be ˹exceptionally˺ cautious, and do not let
him give you away.[3]
The
existence of many house dealers or agents in Gusau metropolis lately has raised
an alarming concern to whether the business is recognized and is in compliance
with Islamic principles of law Shari’ah. The identification that the
activity is duly recognized and allowed by Shari’ah has give new hopes
to the society particularly Muslims to enjoy a system based on divine
revelation[4].
Considering
the fact that the activities of house dealer or agents is fast growing in Gusau
metropolis, and for the fact that Islam recognized a system of business where a
person can authorize another person or agent to undertake any dealings on his
behalf,[5]
Islam applause and appreciate any business that is easier, just and transparent
in nature. This paper, therefore, aims to provide the experience and latest
progress of the mode of agency in house sales activities. Gusau metropolis is
chosen for the purpose of this research due to several reasons, mainly being it
a capital city of Zamfara State located in northwestern Nigeria which has an
area of 3,364km and population of 383,162 as of 2006 census.[6]
The city was further selected as its one of the cities where this activity is
being practiced.
The
Concept of Contract, Agent and Agency in Islam
Before
analyzing the activities of house agents of Gusau metropolis in Islamic
perspective, it is important to define the keywords of this paper. These words
are “contract, agent and agency. The words are closely related and for proper
understanding of the contents of the paper, they will be used where
appropriate.
Definition
of Contract, Agency and Agent in Islam
A
contract in Islamic Law includes both bilateral as well as unilateral
contracts. A contract can be defined as the connection of offer and acceptance
that results in legal effects on the subject matter of the contract.[7]
From the above, therefore, the idea of having contract is to satisfy the
consent of both parties to a contract. In Islam, contract is the best available
means to reflect the intention and the consent of the parties and nature and
classification of a contract in Islamic law depends greatly on the purpose of
concluding the contract.[8]
Literally,
the term wakalah means protection, delegation, or authorization.[9]
However, according to Ibn Abidin, wakalah literally means protection or
authorization, while the derived term Tawkeel means authorizing someone to
carry out an action.[10]
Technically,
wakalah refers to a contract in which a person who has complete legal
capacity authorizes another to conclude a certain well-defined permissible
contract on his behalf.[11]
Wakalah or agency is one of the contracts in Islamic law known to give
authorization to the agent to act on behalf of the principal, with or without
fee.[12]
Agency is also necessitated by the fact that an agent has to perform certain
tasks that the principal has neither the time, knowledge, nor expertise to
perform him or herself.[13]
Therefore, the main purpose of an agency is to facilitate economic exchanges
between a principal and third party when such exchanges are hindered by
distance, numbers, or when the principal is unable or unwilling to act
personally.
On
the other hand, Agent or Wakil is a person appointed to act, represent
or establishes contractual relations between a principal (asil/muwakkil) and a
third party.[14]
From
the above definitions therefore, it has been established that Agency or Wakalah
is a contract where a principal owner of property can appoint someone known
as Agent or Wakil to facilitate a business on his behalf and
establish between the principal owner of the property and the purchaser of the
property to reach a contractual agreement.
Source of
Legitimacy of Agency in Islam
An Imam interviewed on the legality or
legitimacy of Wakalah in Islam said that:
“There is a consensus (Ijma) among the jurists on the legality
of wakalah in Islam. They argue that, more often than not, individuals
cannot administer all their affairs on their own, and thus have a need to
delegate some transactions to an agent”.[15]
Thus,
the Wakalah contract is seen as a means for establishing cooperation
among people and in performing good deeds; hence, deemed permissible by Shari’ah.
Accordingly,
he cited a verse of the Glorious Qur’an where Allah (SWT) said:
So send
one of you with these silver coins of yours to the city, and let him find which
food is the purest, and then bring you provisions from it. Let him be ˹exceptionally˺ cautious, and do not let
him give you away.[16]
He
further narrated evidences from the Sunnah[17]
of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)[18],
making reference to Hadiths which report that the Prophet (SAW)
practiced wakalah thus establishing its permissibility. For instance,
al-Bukhari, al-Thirmidhi, Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah narrated that the Prophet
(SAW) gave him a dinar[19]
to buy a sacrificial animal or a sheep. He bought two sheep, sold one of
them for a dinar, and brought him a sheep and dinar. So he invoked
a blessing on him in his business dealing, and he was such that if he had
bought dust he would have made a profit from it.[20]
Based
on the above verse and Hadith, it has been clearly shown that the
practice of wakalah by the Prophet’s (SAW) and his companion. This
system was a common practice in the early period of Islam. In fact, Prophet
Muhammad (SAW) was directly and indirectly involved in wakalah and
encouraged its proliferation.
An
agent[21]
interviewed stated that he perform the activity as he heard a scholar
making clear the permissibility of it. He stated that, a scholar made it clear
to him that his activity is permissible in Islam as human behavior is weak,
cannot live alone and require one another to manage the affairs of their life
and therefore Islam promotes the use of wakalah in various fields of
activities not only on house dealership but also as long as they do not
contravene with the Shari’ah principles.
Types of
Agent Contracts
From
the interview conducted, it was observed that agent activity and contract in
Gusau metropolis can be divided into several categories based on various nature
of the contract. It can be seen through its scope of authority, sources of
authorization and payment to the agent or Wakil.
Scope of
Authority
The
scope of authority of the agent can either be general (unrestricted) or
specific (restricted). General or unrestricted is where the principal give a
command or instruction without specifying any conditions. For instance, the
principal asks the agent to buy a house without specifying the location, type
or price of the house. While in specific delegation, the principal identifies
certain requirements to the agent, such as price, feature and mode of payment.
For example, the principal says “Buy me a house which costs about N1,000,000
via installment payment”.
It
has been observed that most of the agents in Gusau metropolis are following the
specific agency as a scope of authority which all jurists agreed to its
permissibility because the general or unrestricted scope of authority may lead
to excessive uncertainty (Gharar).[22]
Source of
Authorization
The
perspective of sources of authorization, in agency falls under the
category of agreed deputation.[23]
In this type of deputation there must be an agreement between the principal and
the agent in order for it to be valid. As such; it fits the requirement of wakalah
since in wakalah there must be a mutual agreement reached between both
concerned parties.
In
Gusau metropolis, the source of authorization can be said to be done since
there is agreement between the principal and the agent in order for the
business to be valid. By normal procedure, the principal call the agent and
inform him that he want to sell or rent his house on so fixed price, and the
agent will take that into consideration after reaching agreement with the
principal, it doesn’t matter whether the agreement is written or verbal as long
as it’s observed in appropriate manner.[24] Based on the above
therefore, it can be said that the source of authorization in this regard is
observed according to Islamic laws of Mu’amalat and this can be said to
have made the activity of house dealers or agent’s source of authorization
valid and according to Islamic Shari’ah rites.
Payment
to the Wakil
The
wakalah contract can be valid with or without the wakil or agent
being paid a wage. The basis for the permissibility of paid agent is due to the
fact that the agent has made a useful work for which the agent has the right to
ask for remuneration. When the agent is paid, its ruling falls under the ruling
of Ijarah.[25]
Based on the interview conducted, all of the agent in Gusau metropolis charge
or receive remuneration from the principal when they sell or rent the house.
Furthermore,
in a contract where the agent is entitled to a wage, the principal may
stipulate a condition that the agent does not terminate the agency before an
agreed date. If the agent terminates before the agreed date, the principal will
not be required to pay any wages to the agent. Nevertheless, the unpaid agency
is also allowed and it will be regarded as a form of charitable act. However,
the payment of agent or his non-payment doesn’t invalidate the contract in
Islamic perspective only depending on the statement of agreement between
principal and the agent.
Elements
of Agency (Wakalah)
For
the elements of wakalah contract, the scholars assume the same approach
as in other contracts, whereby it consists of offer and acceptance (Sighah)[26]
only. On the other hand, other scholars including the Shafi’i, the Maliki and
the Hanbali are of the opinion that it comprises of four elements, namely:
offer and acceptance, the principal, the agent and the object. In a contract of
agency, the person who authorizes the power is called the principal (muwakkil)
and the person who is appointed to exercise the power is called the agent (wakil)
and the subject matter of which the authority is given to exercise the power is
called the object (muwakkil bih).[27]
Each of the elements needs to fulfill certain conditions as underlined
below:
Offer and
Acceptance (Sighah)
Sighah means a pronouncement of delegation. It is pronounced by the principal
and the agent as a symbol of pleasure to delegate a job and to accept it. The
jurists agreed that the acceptance of wakalah is not restricted to
verbal indication only. It can be established through several other means such
as action, writing and sign (gesture). The jurists also rule that the
acceptance can either be done immediately or delayed.[28] In Gusau metropolis, the sighah
is being observed in the activity between the agent and the principal.
The
Principal (muwakkil)
The
principal must be a person who own the goods or under his authority to act on
the property. The principal must also be a person who eligible to take the
action and should posses a sound mind. Hence, a wakalah from an insane
or a child is invalid.[29]
In addition, the principal should make a delegation based on his own free will
without any coercion from others. It goes same to the agent where he should not
be forced in conducting the task given to him.
The Agent
(wakil)
The
conditions of the agents are quite similar with the principal. The agent must
be a person who has a sound mind, otherwise the contract is invalid.[30]
The Object
(muwakkil bih)
The
object of the agency contract should be eligible for legal authorization such
as financial matters. The agency is not permitted in pure acts of worship such
as prayer and fasting, oath-taking and testimony.[31] Meanwhile, in acts of
worship that have a financial element such as Zakat, Hajj and slaughtering
sacrificial animals, the agency is allowed by most scholars. Moreover, it
should not involve activities which are prohibited in Islam or acts of
dishonesty such as theft and usurpation of property. In Gusau metropolis, the
house agents make sure that object is known in order to avoid uncertainty (gharar).
Generally,
based on the above, the activity of house agent in Gusau metropolis is a
specific and restricted agency as its contract may be varied depends on the
principal. Indeed, the agent of the house gets their own wages and
remunerations. Thus, it also falls under the category of paid agency.
As
for the conditions of agency, its application by the agents does comply
accordingly to Shari’ah principles as described previously. The offer
and acceptance of both contracting parties were normally done in verbal and
writing. The principal and the agent are both capable to enter into the agency
contract as the agent is a person who employed by the principal. The principal
is a person who has a sound mind, has a good job, and background. The object of
its contract has been permitted under the Shari’ah principle.
Activities
of House Agents in Gusau Metropolis: Analysis from Islamic Perspective
According
to Islamic perspective, belief and faith are important in creating the
foundation of a Muslim character. Courtesy of the property, energy, attitude,
good advice, sympathy, pleasant disposition and delicate language is an
advantage of human beings as creatures of Allah, the most beautiful and
perfect. Therefore, our duty as Muslim and in discharging the role as agent
generally must have a good morals and manners such as honest, trust, deliver,
patience, dedication and wise.[32]
As the agency system grant a positive contribution to society by introducing
and spreading the concepts of mutual assistance, cooperation, and good will
among the general public. This activity brings good and promotes public
interests and values that are in accordance with the Shari`ah
objectives.[33]
Nevertheless,
it is impossible for every system to have no defects or problems, especially a
system that interacts directly with the society. Moreover, when the system
depends on human interventions, which is subject to a variety of human emotions
and judgment, for example, in the agency system, the agent may come from the
people in the society which could be various kinds of people and totally have
different types of behavior and attitude. Not all agents will consistently obey
the rules that have been set up by the principal owner of the property or by
the Islamic Shari’ah.[34]
An
interviewee[35]
indicates three problems in house agency. It should be emphasized that the
overall system does not cause these problems, but it is the result of agent’s
action which is human aspect. It consists of three different area of the
agent’s job such as the acquisition of consent from the principal, collection
of money from the participants and the delivery of sales agreement.
In
the acquisition of consent from the principal, the agent uses different ways to
achieve their target potential participants including presentation,
advertisement and publication. In Gusau metropolis, the agent is obliged to
convince people about the advantages of the house compared to others in order
to gain competitiveness and good credibility. The agent also assists the
principal by collecting fund from the participant.[36] Since they are
representing him, it is very important for them to produce a good image and
build a strong relationship with the principal to maintain the credibility and
integrity of the business.[37]
While some agent discloses all material facts or any risks to be undertaken by
the participant, some do not. The agents have their service
advertised to potential customers who are most times wealth to do individuals.
However, the problem is about the content of the information itself. Sometimes,
the agent will produce their own version of information regarding the services
and plans offered which is contrary to the standard of the principal. As a
result, the participant will be confused.[38] Also, in Gusau metropolis,
it was observed that some house agents hide the defects of house while
describing it to the customers. This attitude can be said to, according to Shari’ah
terminate the agreement even after sale; this is because hided defect
invalidates a contract in Islam[39].
In
Islamic perspective, in this marketing stage, the agent needs to gain clear and
accurate information of the participant before noting them down or taking them
to the house. The agent needs to inform and notify the principal owner
immediately of any incident or circumstances which may give rise to sale of the
house as the agent is bounded by certain confinements and restrictions under
the terms and conditions of the contract, as imposed by the principal. An
example of this restriction in which the agent is obliged to follow is the
house rate and giving clear image or specification of the house to the customer
while also explaining the positive and negative covenants by the agent.
Therefore, to avoid invalidating contracts by the actions of house agents, this
act needs to be reformed.
However,
in analyzing the payment of the agent or collecting money from the participant
or principal by the agent or on whether the agent must be remunerated for the
service rendered or not. In Gusau metropolis, most agents serve for
remuneration or commission after sale. In this event, and according to Islamic
perspective, the agent shall be entitled to a commission at the rates already
in force. However, the principal shall not withhold or change anything from the
originally stipulated remuneration or commission and should pay accordingly.
On
the delivery of sales agreement, principal and the agent in this agreement, the
agent shall acts in accordance with the directions or instructions given by the
principal, so as not for the principal to terminate the contract. It was
observed that, the agents in Gusau metropolis are persons of a sound mind and
has the ability to understand the nature of the contract and the principal is
entitled to terminate agreement if the agent becomes mentally incapacitated.
Hence, this is in conformity with the standard or Islamic principles of law of
contract that only a person who has a sound mind sign agreement. However, with
regard to the collection of the money from the participant, some agents do not
hand over the money as soon as possible to the principal once the money had
been collected. The principal had given a reasonable time limit to the agent
for the handing over process, but it is still ignored by the agent. If it still
continued, it will lead to the misappropriation of money as some agents will
sometimes sell the property to another participant or customer. Thus, it
infringes the contract between the principal and the agent. On the issue of delivery
certificates to the participants. Some of the agents failed to deliver the
certificate after making the sale. It shows that the agent failed in their
responsibilities. However, not only that, it sometimes tarnished the image of the
principal as some participant may see it as dubious activity or business and
thus it will reduce the confidence of the participants toward the principal in
another sale.
Also,
in Gusau metropolis, it was analyzed whether condition regarding offer and
acceptance is in conformity with Islam. It was observed that this condition or
element is being practiced by the agents in the metropolis as most agents makes
pronouncements either in writing or verbal. In the event that the agreement is
in written, both parties put their signatures on the last page of an agreement
after they read and understand the terms and conditions. Therefore, in Islamic
perspective, this condition has fulfills the condition or element of offer and
acceptance.
On
the element of object or subject matter, this requirement is one of the
requirements that the participating party first agree as much as it’s suitable
for him to purchase. In Islam, this object, needs to be visible and accessible
to the participant before purchase. This element is being in practice by the
agents in Gusau metropolis, it can therefore be said that it’s in conformity
with Islamic practice as much as there is no element of uncertainty
which may later invalidate a contract and as long as the agent will act in
according to the teachings and doctrines of Islam. Furthermore, the agency
system is in fact approved by the Shari’ah, as verses from the Quran
testify. One of the verses that testify this approval is in Surah Al-Kahf,
Verse 19, which tells of the episode when one of the companions in the cave was
chosen to buy food from the city: ‘Now send ye then one of you
with this money of yours to the town, let him find out which is the best food
(to be had) and bring some to you, that (ye may) satisfy your hunger therewith.’
Islamic scholars have unanimously
agreed that this verse relates to the permissibility of the agency system.
It
was observed that from the activity of house agents in Gusau metropolis, that,
the principal is entitled to terminate the contract if the agent fails to
comply with the stipulated conditions. However, the principal is not
indemnified against all losses, costs and damages as a result of the agents
action. In Islamic perspective, in cause of agreement, the principal is
entitled to terminate the agreement if the agent fails to comply with the
provisions of any prevailing statutory provisions governing the activity. In
the same vein, the agent shall also indemnify the principal against all losses,
costs and damages arising out of their breach of the agreement. This therefore
needs to be corrected to reflect the Islamic Shari’ah.
Conclusion
The
emergence of the concept of agency is important to all people, as it is
practiced on a large scale in their daily activities. Commercial activities
such as house sale and renting activities as well as marketing activities
depend largely on the skills and expertise of agents. The agent also plays a
vital role in ensuring the best performance and the excellent achievement of a
sale, especially if the principal relies solely on the role of agents to
maintain its business.
The
finding of this research shows that the activities of house agent in Gusau
metropolis rely solely on the role of agents to market and promote their
products. The agents act in accordance with the agreement with the principal as
to the duties and work to be done by the agent.
As
a business activity, agents in Gusau metropolis operations and practices need
to really comply with the Shari’ah principles. Although it is known as Wakalah
from the surface, it must comply with the Shari’ah principles; some
people still has a doubt to use agents’ in house sale or renting activity. This
is because of their assumption that house agents are not complying with Islamic
etiquettes and principles in sale.[40] It finds that the practice
of house agent business is in accordance with the Islamic teachings since it
falls under Wakalah which agreements created by the under it also comply
with the principles of contract in Islam.
Recommendations
The
agency system is a good system in helping the development and performance of
house sale. However, there are some problems that need serious attention in
order to ensure the benefit of this system. As discussed previously, there
three different area of the agent’s activity:
In the acquisition of principal consent, the different ways uses by the
agent to achieve their target will impede the basic agreement and understanding
between the principal, the buyer and the agents. It can be suggested that, once
the principal receives any complaint or relevant information which relates to
the issue, an in-depth investigation may be conducted. If the agents are found
to be guilty of misleading the buyer, the principal may immediately terminate
the agent’s contracts.
Apart
from this, the principal may produce enough conditions to attract customers and
ensure that the agent does not produce their own version of information.
Lastly,
in the problem of the collection of money from the participant, the agents can
continue to be reminded of the consequences of misusing the principal’s money
through sermons in mosques and by the principals themselves. The principal may
also disburse directly to the participants either renewal notice or lapse
notice and periodic collection statement. In this way, the participants will be
notified whether the money that they had paid had been received by the
principal or not. If there is difference occurred between the amount paid and
the amount received by the principal, the participants either can inform the
principal, or confront the agents themselves. This will ultimately, prevent the
misappropriation of money.
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[1]
M.D Abduljalil and M.K
Rahman, “Islamic Law of Contract is
Getting Momentum”, International Journal of Business and Social Science,
Vol. 1, No.2, November, 2010, p.178.
[2]
SWT is the
acronym for the Arabic terms Subhanahu
Wata’ala (Allah the Exalted). It is encouraged to be mentioned after the
Name of Almighty ALLAH is cited.
[3] Qur’an 18:19
[4] M.Y Saleem, Islamic Commercial Law, John Wiley &
Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore, 2013, p.68.
[5] H.A
Annuar, “Al-Wakalah and Customers’
Preferences Toward It: A case Study of Two Takaful Companies in Malaysia”,
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences,
Vol. 22, No.1, 2005, p.30.
[6] Gusau: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusau Retrieved on:
26/03/2021.
[7] M.D Abduljalil
& M.K Rahman, Islamic Law of Contract
is Getting Momentum, Opcit, p.178.
[8] Ibid, p.2
[9] M.Y Saleem, Islamic Commercial Law, Op.Cit, p.68
[10] I.Abidin, Hashi’ah Ibn Abidin Radd al-Muhtar ala
al-Durr al-Mukhtar. Dimashq, Dar al-Thaqafah wa-al-Turath, n.p, 2000, p.38.
[11] M.Y Saleem, Islamic Commercial Law , Op.Cit, p.68
[12] H.A Annuar,
S.A Rosly & H.M Abdul Rashid, “Al
Wakalah and its Impact on the Growth and Performance of Takaful Companies: A
Malaysian Case”, The European Journal of Management and Public Policy, Vol.
3, No.1, 2004, p. 86.
[13] Ibid
[14] Ibid
[15] Muhammad
Isah,(58), Imam, Janyau Ta Gabas, Gusau, Interviewed on 18 March, 2021
[16] Qur’an 18:19
[17] Sunnah is an Arabic term which means the
traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, that
constitute a model for Muslims to follow.
[18] SAW is the
acronym for the Arabic terms word
“Sallallahu Alaihi Wa Salaam” (may Allah’s prayers and peace be with him).
[19] Dinar is the principal currency unit in
several countries near the Mediterranean Sea, and its historical use is even more widespread.
[20] Sunan Abi
Dawud, Book 23, Hadith 59.
[21] Mukhtar Umar,
(45), Estate Agent, Tudun Wada, Gusau, Interviewed on 17/03/2021.
[22]
M.M Billah, Agency Contract under Conventional Law and
Islamic Law as Manifested in the Civil Code of Oman: A Comparative Analysis,
Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law,Vol.4, 2016, p.110.
[23]M.D
Napiah, The Theory Of The Contract Of
Agency (Al-wakalah) In Islamic Law, n.p, United Kingdom, 1995, p.44
[24] Suleman
Dillali, (55), House Agent, Samaru Area, Gusau, Interviewed on 18/03/2021.
[25]
Ijarah
is an Arabic term
which means "to give
something on rent or providing services and goods temporarily for a wage.
[26] Sighah is a term used to refer to the formal
exchange which takes place between the contractual parties indicating their
willingness to enter into the contractual agreement and therefore constitutes
the contract itself.
[27] N.A Mohd Amin & M.A Hamid, Sharia’ah Compliance of Wakalah Concept in
Takaful Operation: A Case Study of Takaful Operation in Malaysia, Tazkia
Islamic Finance and Business Review, Vol.8.2, n.d, p.217.
[28] M.M Billah, Agency Contract under Conventional Law and Islamic Law as Manifested in
the Civil Code of Oman: A Comparative Analysis, Electronic Journal of
Islamic and Middle Eastern Law,Vol.4,
2016, p.116.
[29] Ibid
[30] Ibid
[31] Ibid
[32] N.A Mohd Amin
& M.A Hamid, Compliance of Wakalah
Concept in Takaful Operation: A Case Study of Takaful Operation in Malaysia,
Opcit, p.221
[33] Mustapha
Mudassir, (44), Estate Agent, Albarkawa Area, Gusau, Interviewed on 20/03/2020
[34] Ibid
[35] Ashiru Saminu, (54), House Agent,
Barakallahu Area, Gusau, Interviewed on 18/03/2021.
[36] Salisu Lawal, (33), House Agent,
Unguwar Dallatu Area, Gusau, Interviewed on 19/03/2021
[37] Ibid
[38] Ibrahim Dillali, (45), House
Agent, Sabon Gari Area, Gusau, Interviewed on 19/03/2021
[39] M.A Khan, The legal effects of unfair contracts of sale in Islamic law,
Al-Adwa Journal, Vol.49, No.33, June 2018, p.31.
[40] Abdullahi Muhammad, (56), House
Agent, Premier Road, Gusau, Interviewed on 19/03/2021
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