By
Babagogata Alhaji Haruna Ph.D.
Department of English, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria
Corresponding Author’s email and Phone No: harunababagogata@gmail.com, 07064651844
Abstract
Language is an
important instrument in the hands of newspapers reporters. Thus, this study
critically explored how language is used in four selected Nigerian newspaper
discourse on insecurity. The study adopted the Norman Fairclough’s (2001)
Member Resources, van Dijk’s (2004) Socio Cognitive approach and principles of
Halliday’s system of transitivity as theoretical foundations. A total of ten
(10) insecurity news were purposively selected from the four Nigerian dailies (Daily
Trust,The Guardian, The Punch and The Nation). The newspapers
were selected from the editions published between July 2022 and August 2022,
Findings of the study showed that Nigerian newspapers deploy lexical, syntactic
and discursive devices in representing insecurity reports as a strategy of
domination and supremacy with the use of exploiting lexical items and strong
imperatives which allow them impose their views on others. This study concludes
that news reports on insurgents crisis in Nigeria do not only inform the
audience about the latest activities relating to insurgencies and government’s
steps towards stemming the menace but they also help to celebrate and praise
security agencies in their fight against insurgencies.
Background to the Study
Language
plays a very important role as a means of communication. With language, human
beings express thoughts, feelings, and pass messages to others in our daily
lives. Halliday (1978) posits that language is the main channel through which
the patterns of living are transmitted to a child through which he learns to
act. Bloch and Trager (2004, p. 53) describe language as a system of arbitrary
vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates. From this definition
of language, we can say that these two scholars see language only from the
spoken language perspective. Language could therefore be regarded as a social
process which is conditioned by the Society. Linguistic phenomena are
social because their use of language is determined by certain societal effects
(Fairclough, 1989).
According to van Dijk (2008) every interaction that provides information is
language, and this interaction indicates other modes of meaning making
including gesture, intonation, image and gaze(multimodal signs). Thus these
signs can be interpreted by using CDA.
This
study is a critical Discourse Analysis of Insecurity social media
representation. This study is therefore limited to four newspapers. The
research method aligns with Van Dijk’s approach to critical Discourse Analysis
complimented with systemic functional linguistic. The paper focuses
basically on the representation of headlines of news in selected newspapers in
Nigeria. The papers purposively selected include: Daily
Trust, The Punch, The Nation and The Guardian in the year 2022 between July and
August. These papers were selected because of their broad circulation in
the country and regional bases.
Justification of the Study
Al-Ahmad (2020) used CDA to analyze
selected newspaper articles addressing the Chapel Hill shooting incident. This study therefore set to
produce a critical Discourse Analysis on media representation of Insecurity
news reports in selected Nigerian newspapers. The study is significant
to Linguistics because it shows another aspect of the use of language resources
to achieve practical results in terms of ideology representation in Nigerian
Newspapers. This shall
also fill in the gap of under representation or over presentation of news
reports on insecurity.
Research Methodology
This research is a
critical qualitative content approach which focused on a critical Discourse
Analysis of selected media representative of insecurity crisis in Nigerian
newspapers, namely; The Punch, Daily Trust, The Nation and The Guardian.
This research is Qualitative because it has nothing to do with measurement or
numerical formation of data. However, it involves the depth meaning of data.
This study also uses instructional materials to carry out its data analysis,
thus, this makes it a qualitative research. The framework used for this study
involves Van Dijk (1993) CDA model called socio-cognitive model which has been
widely referenced and applied in the analysis of media discourse complimented
with Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics. Van Djik (1995) developed
methods which are more focused on cultural and social contexts. The methods are
based on four categories: action, context, power and ideology.
Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse
Analysis
The term
‘discourse analysis’ was first used by the sentence linguist, Zellig Harris in
his 1952 article entitled ‘Discourse Analysis’. According to him, discourse
analysis is a method for the analysis of connected speech or writing, for
continuing descriptive linguistics beyond the limit of a simple sentence at a
time (Harris 1952). Discourse analysis is a research method for studying
written and spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to
understand how language is used in real life situations. The objects of
discourse analysis are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of
sentences, speeches, or turns-at-talk. Since 1970s Discourse Analysis (DA) has
developed into substantial sub-areas, notably Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
which sees discourse as a form of social practice (Fairclough 1995, 1989) and
argues that all linguistic usage encodes ideological positions, and studies how
language mediates and represents the world from different points of view. It is
the connection between ideas, language, power and the ordering of relationship
within society that is important for those involved in CDA.
Media Discourse (MD)
Media discourse,
which is also known Journalese has a peculiar structure and covers a wide
purview of different strata of the society.
Media language “refers to interactions that take place through a
broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the discourse is
oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer” (O’Keeffe, 2006, p. 31).
He further opines that “though the discourse is oriented towards these
recipients, they very often cannot make instantaneous responses to the
producer(s) of the discourse, though increasingly this is changing with the
advent of new media technology”. According to Macdonald (2003, p. 2 cited in Ayoola
and Olaosun 2014, p. 49), the media often “perceived public desires and
concerns “and sometimes set an agenda that interacts with those of the wider
society. Bridges and Brunts (1981, p.
35) opine that, the media produces “precisely representations of the social
world, images, description, explanations and frames for understanding how the
world is, why it works as it is said and shown to work”. This is why Bell 1991,
p. 2) says that “the study of media language has much to offer to the different
disciplines on whose territory it touches: linguistics, sociolinguistics,
discourse analysis, semiotics, communication studies, sociology and
psychology”.
Insecurity in Nigeria.
Nigeria, located
on the Western coast of Africa is regarded as the giant of Africa embedded with
different natural resources. The state of insecurity in the country has driven
the country to a state of emergency. Insecurity in the country started in the early
1970s which was majorly introduced by politicians craving for power, these
politicians released guns to youths who were manipulated to use these guns to
disrupt the peace of the country which led to tagging the current government at
that time as bad government. In recent times, a new terrorist group tagged as Boko
Haram has risen and has been successfully able to disrupt the peace of the
country. Mohammed Yusuf founded the sect that became known as Boko Haram in
2002 in Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern state of Borno. He
established a religious complex and school that attracted poor Muslim families
from across Nigeria and neighbouring countries. Boko Haram gained widespread
exposure in July 2009 when, after an incident in which group members were
allegedly subjected to the excessive use of force by police and then were
unable to get official investigation into the matter, the group launched
attacks on police posts and other government installations, killing scores of
police officers. When the police could not bring the situation under control,
the army was brought in. The ensuing Joint Military Task Force operation left
more than 700 Boko Haram members dead and destroyed the mosque that the group
used as its headquarters. Yusuf and other leaders were arrested by the military
and handed over to the police. A few days later the bullet-riddled corpses of
Yusuf and his colleagues including that of his father-in-law, Baba Fugu
Mohammed, who had willingly handed himself over to the police for questioning
were displayed in public; the extrajudicial killings by the police infuriated
the group as well as others. After that incident, Boko Haram appeared to be
disbanded, or at least inactive, until the next year, when a video was made
public in which Yusuf’s deputy, Abubakar Shekau, declared that he was the
group’s new leader and vowed to avenge the deaths of Yusuf and the others.
Definition of
Insecurity
Insecurity is a
feeling of inadequacy (not being good enough) and uncertainty. It produces
anxiety about your goals and ability to handle certain situations. There are
different kinds of Insecurity in Nigeria, activities that have heightened
insecurity in Nigeria also include human and drug trafficking, porous borders
that allow infiltration of illegal aliens, arms and ammunitions,
ethno-religious conflicts, political based violence, economic based violence
and periodic outbreak of some deadly diseases.
Theoretical Framework
CDA scholars are
of the opinion that CDA cannot be undertaken effectively by employing only one
theoretical framework or method of analysis given its grounding on issues which
relate to the social and political lives of language users. They therefore adopt
a combination of different levels of analysis and different analytical tools
for texts, what they called a 'multi method approach'. Texts are not simply
products of a sender who has embedded a certain message intended for a
receiver, but a representation of a complex set of rules and influences which
are sometimes visible but most often not. The first part of the name for this
type of analysis is the word ‘critical’ which requires the analyst to observe
the invisible relations between people expressed in language. The reader
therefore not only has to be critical of his subject of investigation, but also
of his own context.
The model used for this study involves van
Dijk’s (1993) CDA model called socio-cognitive model complimented by Halliday’s
theory of systemic functional linguistics. Van Dijk theory of socio-cognitive
has been widely referenced and applied in the analysis of media discourse. van
Djik (1995) developed methods which are more focused on cultural and social
contexts. The methods are based on four categories: action, context, power and
ideology.
The theory of van
Dijk’s CDA is adopted for the analysis of this research because Van Dijk
perceives discourse as a form of social practice. However, this theory does not
focus on discursive practice but rather concentrates on social cognition as the
mediating part between text and society. Van Dijk claims that CDA needs to
account for the various forms of social cognitions that are shared by the
social collectivities (groups, organizations and institutions). Moreover, the
approach of CDA Van Dijk adopts is based on understanding ideological
structures and social relations of power embedded in discourse. He defines
„social power‟ in terms of control and views ideologies as "the basis of
the social representations of group. He therefore argues that "groups have
power if they are able to control the acts and minds of other groups”
Furthermore, he emphasizes that ideological discourse is generally organized by
a general strategy of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation.
Data Presentation and Analysis
This study
presents the medial representation of insecurity in Nigerian newspapers,
considering the selected Nigerian newspapers namely; Daily Trust, The Punch, The Nation and The Guardian, this study
will present the approaches employed by this newspapers and the hidden meaning
in their approach will be revealed.
Datum 1
Terrorist
Attack Military Checkpoint in Abuja
Terrorist
yesterday evening attacked a military checkpoint around Zuma rock, Niger state.
It could not be immediately confirmed whether or not there were casualties.
Daily
Trust,
July 29th, 2022
Material process:
///actor (Terrorist yesterday evening) + process (attacked)
+ circumstance (military checkpoint around Zuma rock, Niger state)///
Ideology as a weapon of condemnation
The above datum is
an excerpt from Daily Trust newspaper
which condemns the state of insecurity in the country. “Terrorists attack
military checkpoints in Abuja” The rate at which the level of insecurity is in
the country is so alarming and somewhat disgraceful. The Daily Trust newspaper
reports an attack on a military checkpoint very close to the federal capital
territory which is meant to be one of the most secured place in the country,
the attack on this military checkpoint poses a condemnation on the government
indirectly on the level of how the government has failed to secure the citizens
in the country. The ideology behind this issue is as though the government is
not working or that the government has failed in security issues, the layman
meaning of checkpoint is “a military base”. The news report condemned the
action of the military because they didn’t seemcapable of securing the nation
to have been attacked by terrorists.Another view of the news report is untimely
intervention of the government on the issue as indicated in the following
expression from the datum “It could not be immediately confirmed whether or not
there were casualties” peradventure if the government has taken a quick
intervention on the issue before probably it would not have been reported as an
attack.
Datum 2
Insecurity: Air chief orders maximum
firepower against terrorist
The chief of air staff, air Marshal OladayoAman says
the nation's security environment remains fluid and uncertain with terrorist
moving between the northeast, northwest and north central. He charged Nigerian
Air Force operational commanders to employ maximum firepower against the
terrorists.
Daily Trust, August 4th, 2022
Verbal process:
///sayer (Thechief of air
staff, air Marshal OladayoAman) + verbiage(says the nation's security environment
remains fluid and uncertain with terrorist moving between the northeast,
northwest and north central.)///
Ideology of power and dominance
Power is our
ability to control our environment, our own lives and that of others, the
speaker orders the militant to provide maximum firepower against terrorist. The
speaker who is an Air Marshal in the Air force exercise the use of power and
dominance. Apart from this he also states that the nation is very insecure and
needs to be protected. The level of insecurity in the state is very uncertain,
and terrorists can show up at any point in time especially in the northeast,
northwest and north central. These places are full of terrorist operating night
and day either in kidnapping, killing, destroying etc. The speaker therefore
orders the militant to always be ready and be at alert to save the day whenever
these terrorists show up. The use of power is therefore employed by the speaker
to show that he has the highest rank and can give orders which must be
followed.
Datum 3
Protest as gunmen killed abducted lautech
student, hotelier
Students
of the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology and some youths of the town on
Wednesday staged a protest in Ogbomoso over the killing of a final year student
of the university, Racheal Opadele by kidnappers
The Punch, August 4th, 2022
Material process:
///actor (Students of the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
and some youths of the town on Wednesday) + process(staged) +
goal (a protest in Ogbomoso over the killing of a final year student
of the university, Racheal Opadele by kidnappers)///
Ideology as Weapon of Condemnation
The above datum is
an excerpt from the Punch newspaper which condemns the inappropriate
killing of the victims of the kidnapped. Kidnapping is very rampant in the
country nowadays. The victims were kidnapped in Ogbomoso and were eventually
murdered. Although they paid the required ransom but still they murdered them.
This triggered students of the university and some citizens of Ogbomoso to
protest in such a way to condemn the insecurity in the state and also to condemn
the government on their failure to protect the lives of it citizens. In the
material process, the students of LadokeAkintola University and some citizens
of ogbomoso serves as the social actor, their main goal is to condemn the
security agencies for not doing their works and also appeal to the government
to help in the fight of insecurity in the state.
Datum4
Insecurity:
Governor Bello orders closure of brothels, slums, others in Kogi.
Kogi
state governor Yahyah Bello has ordered the closure of all brothels and
demolition of slums in any community suspected to be harbouring criminals to
curb crimes in the state.
Daily Trust, August 1st, 2022
Material
process: /// actor (Kogi state governor Yahyah Bello) + process(has
ordered) + goal (the closure of all brothels and demolition of
slums in any community suspected to be harbouring criminals) + circumstance
(to curb crimes in the state.)///
Ideology of Supremacy
Supremacy can be
defined as the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority,
power, or status.The governor of Kogi state exercises supremacy on the people
of the state by ordering the closure and demolition of slums in the state.
Since the level of insecurity keeps increasing day by day in the country, there
is need for urgent solution. In the material process, the governor is the actor
who gives order, the goal is to close brothels and demolition of slums
harboring criminals which will then reduce the level of insecurity in the
State. The governor serves as the social actor who oversees the affairs of the
state and has the power to mandate rules on it's citizens. Although the
governor is not the owner of the brothels but since the closure will reduce
insecurity in the state, he then mandated it.
Supremacy is not
only exercised in the ordering of the closure, he will also not be responsible
in funding those who their brothels will be closed. This is the highest level
of being supreme.
Datum 5
Terrorists attack 16 military bases in 18
months, kill 800
Terrorists
on the rampage across the country have attacked about 16 military bases in the
last 18 months, fuelling concerns that the military was overstretched and
needed to re-strategize to deal with the criminals, protect its personnel and
tackle the security challenges.
The Punch, August 7th, 2022
Verbal process: Sayer
(the Punch) + verbiage (Terrorists on the rampage across the
country have attacked about 16 military bases in the last 18 months, fuelling
concerns that the military was overstretched and needed to re-strategize to
deal with the criminals, protect its personnel and tackle the security
challenges)
Ideology as Weapon of Ridicule
The above datum is
an excerpt from the Punch newspaper which ridicules Nigeria militant and
categorizes them as incapable. Terrorist lately an attack military base which
issupposed to be one of the most secured places in the country because they
have ammunition and weapon to fight insecurity in the state. However, terrorist
attack on military bases was a success because they have been able to kill up
to 800 persons in 18 months. The military ought to be in charge of securing the
citizen's lives and properties but they are being attacked and conquered. If
those in charge of securing lives and properties are being attack what then is
the fate of the citizens of the country. In the verbal process, the sayer tries
to encourage the militant to re- strategize and come up with new plans to
conquer insecurity in the state which is mostly essential. By doing this,
people will have faith in the security officials and the level if insecure in
the country will be curbed.
Datum 6
Bandits kill FIRS boss, abduct 3 others in
Niger attack
The Coordinator, Federal Inland Revenue Service
(FIRS) in charge of Zamfara, Sokoto and Kebbi states Alhaji Muhammadu Kudu
Adamu, has been reportedly killed by bandits on Sunday night at Saminaka
community, along Lapai-Lambata Road in Niger State.
Daily Trust August 9, 2022
Material process: /// actor (The Coordinator, Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) in charge of
Zamfara, Sokoto and Kebbi states Alhaji Muhammadu Kudu Adamu ) + process (has been
reportedly killed) + circumstance (by bandits on Sunday night at Saminaka community, along Lapai-Lambata
Road in Niger State.)
Ideology as a Tool for Condemnation
The writer
condemns the act of the government using metaphor in satiric adjective ‘FIRS
boss’. The news headline wants the government to justify their decision on the
state of insecurity in the country. Since a boss of a federal inland revenue
service can be killed in an attack by bandits and the government is doing
nothing about it. This strategy indirectly points out the level at which
insecurity have eaten deep into the fabric of the country. The Daily Trust newspaper projects this condemnation ideology
to describe the alarming rate of insecurity in the country, particularly Niger
state according to the news reports. The newspaper ideologically stated that
only the boss was killed and three were kidnapped in an attack that’s reported
as the state attack, this shows that many more persons were attacked but the
most important personalities in the attack was reported, the name of the boss
was indicated while the other three that were abducted were not mentioned because
they are not as prominent as the boss. The name mentioned is that of someone
that is in charge of three different states which shows how influential he is
in governance, if such person can be killed in an attack then the governments
can be condemned.
Datum 7
HURIWA says FG insensitive to killings
Human Rights Writers Association of Nigeria
(HURIWA), yesterday, described the insensitive refusal by the Federal
Government to call the aggression and killings by herders what it is.
The Guardian August 11, 2022.
Verbal process: /// sayer(Human Rights Writers Association of Nigeria (HURIWA), yesterday) + verbiage (described
the insensitive refusal by the Federal Government to call the aggression and
killings by herders what it is)
This is another example of ideology of condemnation. The Guardian newspaper
reports the condemnation of an association in the country towards the federal
government on the issue of insecurity in the country. This news headline
directly condemned the insensitivity of the federal governments to killing of
its citizen. Firstly, accusing the federal government as insensitive is a
condemnation to the federal government which indirectly means that the
persistent killings of the people of the country is not showing any proof that
it will stop soon but persists. The
Human Rights Writers Association then blames the government on the perpetual
killings in the country by the herders. This ideology is strategically employed
to call on the government on the need to rise and take certain measures that
will reduce or put an end to concurrent killings by herders
Datum 8
A’Force kills terrorist kingpin, others in
air raid
Terrorist’s kingpin, AlhajiShanono, has been killed
in a major air raid, the Air Force high command has confirmed.
The Guardian August 11, 2022
Material process: /// actor (Terrorist’s kingpin, Alhaji Shanono) + process (has been
killed) + circumstance (in a major air raid, the Air Force high command has confirmed.)
Ideology as a Weapon for Conflict Resolution
The above news
report by The Guardian newspaper shows the way to resolve the conflict
of insecurity in the country, the news gives hope and trust in the governments
to the citizens. Unlike every other news that identifies one level of
insecurity or another, this news shows the way to resolve the issue on ground
which is the active operations of the military. The news confirms the death of
one of the terrorist kingpin which is a strategic weapon towards discouraging
or warning other terrorist kingpins to desist from the evil act so as to resolve
the insecurity conflicts in the country.
Datum 9
Soldiers, Amotekun comb forests for
LAUTECH students’s killers
Soldiers attached to the joint security task force
in Oyo state codenamed operation burst and personnel of the Amotekun Corps have
started combing forests in the Surulere Local government area of (Oyo State for
criminals)
The Punch, August 8, 2022
Material process: /// actor (Soldiers attached to the joint security task force in Oyo state
codenamed operation burst and personnel of the Amotekun Corps) + process (have started
combing) + goal (forests) + circumstance (in the Surulere Local government area of (Oyo State for criminals)
The above datum is another example of ideology as a weapon of conflict
resolution. The Punch newspaper report the best way to resolve the
conflict of knowing the culprits or murderers of the Ladoke Akintola University
of Technology, Ogbomosho student who was reportedly killed by terrorists. This
news portray the readiness and availability of the security agency in the
country particularly in Oyo state by revealing the works of the soldiers and
the state security task force known as Amotekun. This ideology is strategically
deployed to reveal that the government is working and curb the conflict that
has resulted to protest from the students of the school to the government
security agencies.
Datum 10
Security strengthened in Imo after police
station bombing
Military and security agencies in Imo state have
beefed up security around the boarders of the state to prevent the escape of
hoodlums who bombed a police station and killed four personnel on Saturday at
Agwa in Oguta Local Government Area of the state.
The Nation August 8, 2022
Material process: actor(Military and security agencies in Imo state)
+process (have beefed)
+ goal (the boarders of the
state) + circumstance (to prevent the escape of hoodlums who
bombed a police station and killed four personnel on Saturday at Agwa in Oguta
Local Government Area of the state)
Ideology of leadership disposition
The above news
report is a typical example of adequate leadership ideology. Nigeria is said to
have always been plagued with bad leadership who are devoid of ideology as it
swims in the ocean of selfish leadership. In the case of Imo state, there is an
instance response to the convict the criminals that initiated the bombing of a
police station; this is described in the way the news report presented a
strengthened security system in the state to get hold of the perpetrators. This
ideology is strategically stated that Imo state has a good leader in their
security spheres who is ready to stand in immediately there is any security
challenge.
Syntactic Strategies in the Representation of
Ideologies in Selected News Reports on Insecurities
Syntactic
strategies are syntactic analytical tools tactically deployed by a writer to
achieve a specific set of social, economic, political, and religious objectives
such as the representation and construction of ideologies in selected news
reports in Nigerian newspapers. This syntactic analytical tool may include any
of the topicalisation(van Dijk, 2004,).
Conclusion
This study examined study on Critical Discourse Analysis of
social media representative of insecurity discourse in selected Nigerian
newspapers. From the analysis, This study concludes that news reports on
insurgents crisis in Nigeria do not only inform the audience about the latest
activities relating to insurgencies and government’s steps towards stemming the
menace but they also help to celebrate and praise security agencies in their
fight against insurgencies. Through the news reports, Nigerian journalists also
denounce the terrorists and challenge them to embrace peace. Nevertheless, some
of the reports are imbued with reporters’ ideologies and that reporter’s
ideologies are reflected in their reports when looked at with a critical eye as
revealed through the data analyzed in this research. Another revelation is that
different reports are given by the newspapers in reporting the same event, such
accompany reports are chosen by the reporters to support their ideological
stance as against the popular belief that the texts merely inform reader. In
the analysis it is discovered that there are various ideologies used by the
newspaper. The analysis brought out various ideologies projected in selected
newspapers and their implications for the overall communicative intention of
the news. The researcher’s conclusion is that ideologies is based on individual
perception or believe of whatever issue on ground.
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This article is published in ALQALAM: A Journal of Language and Literary Studies, FUGUS, Volume 1, Issue 2 - June 2026
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