Cite this article as: Abba M. M., Ahmad A. A., & Alhassan M. (2025). Internal Factors Affecting Investigative Journalism in Public Broadcast Stations: A Study of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities, 4(1), 25-36. www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2025.v04i01.003.
INTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING
INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM IN PUBLIC BROADCAST STATIONS: A STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO
CORPORATION OF NIGERIA
By
Murjanatu Mohammed Abba, Ph.D
Department of Mass Communication,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
And
Aminu Ahmad Ahmad
Department of Mass Communication,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
And
Musa Alhassan, Ph.D.
Department of Mass Communication,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Abstract:
This study examined the various
factors that affect investigative journalism (IJ) from within public broadcast
stations with a particular focus on Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeriato
identify reasons for inadequate investigative stories in public broadcast
stations. Media ownership is adopted to explain the challenges facing
investigative journalism in public broadcast media from within. The study
employs an in-depth interview research method with ten journalists to find out
the internal challenges facing investigative journalism in FRCN. Findings show
that ten journalists (equivalent to 100% of the respondents) agree that media
owners interfere with investigative reportage only when their interests are at
stake. The interference could be direct, like determining which stories the
editors and journalists should investigate, punishing staff that air the news
item they considered offensive, and delaying the release of funds for
investigative activities. The study recommends that stations should organize regular
training in investigative reporting skills and ethical standards for their
journalists; a new law should be introduced that can fully protect
investigative journalists from ownership threats; news editors should make
investigative reporters free from other media job burdens given its
difficulties; investigative reporters should utilize social media platforms
like YouTube, Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp whenever their stations refused
to air their stories.
Keywords: Challenges, Journalism, Internal, Investigative, Station
INTRODUCTION
Investigative
journalism (IJ) is a unique type of reporting which involves not just relaying
information, but in-depth research to reach accurate conclusions that are
unbiased and untainted by the beliefs or views of the investigative reporter
through watchdog functions. This makes investigative journalism a crucial and
sensitive tool in uncovering corruption and violations in both public and
private sectors.This watchdog function is premised on the idea that a fully
independent press keeps government as well as public office holders
accountable. The benefit this brings to society cannot be over-emphasized as
exposing any social ill or vice with negative repercussions on the journalist
serves as a deterrent to
others; it also earns the country international accolades as being a free
state; it checks and balances excessive use of power by leaders and most
importantly, it contributes its quota towards making the world a better place
(Ibrahimi, 2007).
Societies,
thus need journalists who can investigate issues because people have a right to
know about the society in which they live; they have a right to know about
decisions which may affect them even if people in power want to keep them
secret. Media managers often face the dilemma of balancing the media owner’s
interest and the public’s interest without infringing on the laws of the land
or the ethics of the profession. Owners adopt various measures to exercise the
desired level of control on media managers at various levels at all costs. For instance, giving directives on what
should be covered, redeployment of staff to lower positions or instant
transfers, superimposing partners on the regular staff, promotion or denial of
it, bribes, gifts and donation, the creation of fear and fiction within the
media establishment (Ekwelie, 1986).
Kaplan (2013a) argues that a host of
challenges have limited the ability of journalists to investigate issues of
public interest. Some investigative journalists have been repeatedly
threatened, and have watched with dismay as their colleagues in some countries
are murdered with impunity. Also, twenty years of data by the Committee to
Protect Journalists (CPJ) showed that several journalists were killed covering
crime and corruption, as they are killed covering wars. Others regularly face
criminal libel cases, government spying and intimidation from both officials
and powerful local interests. For instance, in 2020 alone, fifty investigative
journalists died at work, 53 died in 2019 (RSF, 2020) and 55 journalists
and media professionals were killed in 2021 (UNESCO, 2022).
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Investigative journalism that is practised in Nigeria
is ineffective as it is constrained by several problems. The extent of the
practice of investigative journalism is rather low and not encouraging despite
the large number of radio stations in the country estimated at 502 (Kumo,
2020). With more than ten years after signing into law the Freedom of
Information Act by former President Goodluck Jonathan aimed at promoting
watchdog function of the media (Anyadike, 2013), journalists still publish
half-truth, distorted stories and outright falsehood, thereby making rumours,
unsubstantiated claims and emotions the bedrock of information gathering (Apata&Ogunwuyi,
2019; Shem &Audu, 2017; &Okon, 2017). This paper therefore tries to find out internal
factors within public stations that limit investigative journalism practice
with FRCN as a case study and recommend ways to reduce those
challenges for effective watchdog function to promote national development.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study
identifies the internal challenges affecting investigative journalism practice
in FRCN to address the gaps established in
the literature review. The study set the following three objectives:
1. To identify direct internal
factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN
2. To identify indirect internal
factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN
3. To suggest ways to address
the internal factors to promote investigative journalism practice in FRCN
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following research questions are structured based on the study objectives
raised above. They include:
1. What are the direct internal
factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN?
2. What are indirect internal
factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN?
3. How can these internal
factors be addressed to promote IJ practice in FRCN?
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Concept of Investigative
Journalism
The complex
nature of the concept made it difficult to have a single, universally acceptable definition
for journalists, academics, media development organizations and donors because
the culture for investigative journalism has developed differently in various
parts of the world and, is thus defined according to political, economic,
cultural settings of the media (Breiner, 2016).
Some
researchers tend to look at the concept as in-depth investigative reports,
which distinguish it from other journalistic writings. A typical example is
Investigative Reporters and Editors (1983) who define it as systematic,
in-depth, and original research and reporting, often unearthing secrets,
involving heavy use of public records and computer-assisted reporting, with a
focus on social justice and accountability. Scholars like Anderson and
Benjamins (1976), Greene (1981), Ullman and Honeyman (1983), Feldstein (2006)
and Houston (2010) subscribe to this definition.
The term
‘investigative journalism’ according to Forbes (2005) covers a range of
reporting activities, from simple news-based enquiries to undercover operations
that piece together a jigsaw puzzle of events, resulting in a final exposé or
scoop. Aluma (2008) defines it as a way of practising journalism in which the
journalist seeks to protect the public interest by uncovering and publicizing
the whole truth about any issue in any sphere of life. Spark (1999) sees it as
the process of exposing information that others would like to suppress, that
is, gathering facts which someone wants to suppress. Investigative reporters
seek not just the obvious informants, but the less obvious disturbing secrets
which make the persons involved angry or disturbed about divulging them. Asemah
(2011) defines it as a story that requires a great amount of research which
involves coming up with facts that might be hidden, buried or obscured by
people who have a vested interest in keeping those facts from being published.
American authors like Ettema and Glasser (1998) as well as Protess, Cook,
Doppelt, Ettema, Gordon and Leff (1991) however, emphasize the moral aspect and
its impacts, probing America’s civic conscience by telling stories of villainy
and victimization, implicitly demanding reactions for social change.
Other
scholars like Aborishade (2008) define the concept ‘investigative journalism’
in view of its peculiar characteristics, qualities and conditions, particularly
originality. To him, following somebody else’s agenda is not investigative
journalism. Acting as a mere transmission belt for passing information or
proceedings of meetings to the public or uncritically accepting official
versions of accounts based on not wanting to offend authorities or individuals
is not investigative journalism. Rather, investigative journalism is based on
self-initiated agenda setting where a journalist reports through his initiative
and work product, of matters importance to readers, viewers or listeners.
Ingram and
Henshall (2008) define investigative journalism as finding, reporting and
presenting news that other people will try to hide. They proceeded to describe
it as similar to standard news reporting, except that the people at the centre
of the story will usually not help the reporters and may even try to stop them
from doing their job.
Iredia
(2019) provides another perspective on the concept of investigative journalism
by defining it as a thorough probe into a case of public importance. This
definition does not mention whether the case to be investigated is positive or
negative. This concurs with Ladan (2019) who insists that investigative
journalism is not all about exposing misconduct or negativity. Rather, it also
involves an investigation into positive issues like success stories of leaders,
businessmen, states, industries, etc. Journalists can also do an investigative
report on societal ills like drug addiction, divorce, inflation, etc. Kaplan
(2008a) describes investigative reporting as a special kind of journalism that
provides accountability to people in power, whether in government, business,
military or non-profit organizations. Watchdog reporting also holds
institutions accountable when wrongdoing has been committed and tolerated. In
addition to monitoring powerful people and institutions, investigative
journalism also gives a voice to the downtrodden.
Investigative Journalism as Minefield
As the fourth estate of the realm,
media are expected to play an important role in fighting corruption and
promoting good governance in society. Journalists are thus, referred to as
watchdogs of society because they monitor and guard policymakers’ actions and
also track other people in authority to ensure morality is respected to the
benefit of all (Knuut et al., 2015). This monitoring can only be delivered through investigative
journalism, which is a minefield, because investigating the powerful can lead to
tremendous threats and litigation (Fouda, 2011). Freedom of
information is a vital tool for public enlightenment and sustainable
development as it enables the public to hold its government accountable. This
made investigative reporting the most hazardous type of specialized reporting,
more especially in third-world countries where bribery, fraud, and embezzlement
of funds are the order of the day (Suntai& Shem, 2018). Ghanaian undercover
reporter AnasAremeyawAnas has told the BBC that his team faces death threats
daily (BBC, 18th January, 2019).
Reports indicate that between January and October 2020, there was a huge
increase in assaults, arrests and prosecution of the press in Nigeria compared
to a year before it, with 51 incidents in 2020 alone, affecting 60 journalists.
The security forces and government officials were responsible for the majority
of attacks, while eight attacks were by unknown attackers and six by political
thugs (Article 18, 2020). Despite section 22 of the constitution, and the
passage into law of the FOIA, journalists still face some challenges that
impact negatively on the performance of their duties. However, the nature and
degree of these challenges differ, depending on the political leadership and
press laws. Given that most interesting issues require investigation which
involve the powerful who will naturally resist and might take action against
the journalists.
Journalists have faced persecutions like
arrest, equipment seizure or damages, intimidation and death threats. Some
specific examples include:
1.
On August 14, 2018, Premium Times reporter Samuel Ogundipe was arrested and
remanded by the Nigerian Police and later arraigned in court in a vain attempt
to extract the source of an exclusive published by the newspaper (Okakwu &
Iroanusi, 2018).
2.
On January 6, 2019, the Nigerian Army Sunday invaded the Daily Trust regional
office of the newspaper and arrested the regional editor along with a reporter,
Ibrahim Sawab, over a report that exposed racketeering regarding the
counterinsurgency operation in Nigeria’s north-east (Haruna, 2019).
3.
The arrest of editor
and publisher of Weekly Source, James Abiri, on June 21, 2016, and detained for over two years by the
State Security Service for republishing a scoop allegedly implicating some
military officers.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Since the study is about internal
challenges facing investigative journalists in public broadcast stations in
Nigeria, the study adopts the media ownership theory to explain the various
factors that inhibit investigative journalism in public broadcast stations from
within.
Media ownership theory was
developed by American scholar; J. H. Altschul who drew from Marx and Engels
'German Ideology' (Maheshwari, 2015; Chandler, 1995) to come up with this
theory to explain the relationship between news production and ownership
influence. Altschul observed
that the class which owns the means of material production (the media) at its
disposal, has control over what it produces. The
media is thus seen as a means of production in a capitalist society which tries
to promote the ideology of the ruling class by suppressing opposing views. He
contended that the primary
focus of a news organization in a capitalist economy is profit-making, and
objectivity is seen as a way of attracting the readers desired by advertisers.
Altschull's (1984) media
ownership theory states that the overriding determiner of media content is the
ideology of those who finance the media, stressing that the content of the
news media always conforms to the interests of those who finance them. To
him, media content is directly correlated with the interests of those who
finance them whether an individual or group, adding that no newspaper, magazine
or broadcasting outlet can exceed the boundaries of autonomy acceptable to
those who fund them (Huang, 2003). The theory was further refined and
extended by Shoemaker and Reese (1991) who maintained that news content is
built into the economic objectives of the owner in line with his ideology such
as religion, economy, culture and politics. To them, owners of media
organizations have the ultimate say over news content on their stations. It can
easily be deduced that any investigation that is not in the interest of media
owners can successfully be discouraged by media managers under the instruction
of proprietors.
METHODOLOGY
The study is a qualitative research
which applies an in-depth interview research method to address the research
questions raised for the study.
The researchers employed purposive
sampling technique to select FRCN being the largest public
radio station operating in Nigeria and applied snowballing sampling
technique to select ten respondents that are qualified for the study. The data
gathered were analysed thematically. The themes were drawn from the interview
conducted. These are direct internal factors, indirect internal factors and
solutions. Below is a tabular presentation of the data.
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
The first
research question tries to find out from the respondents, the various factors
that directly hamper investigative journalism in FRCN
Direct Internal Factors that Inhibit IJ Practice in FRCN
Data show that the ten respondents
agreed that media owners interfere with investigative reportage only when
their interests are at stake. The interference could be direct, like
determining which stories the editors and journalists should investigate,
punishing staff that air the news item they considered offensive, and delaying
the release of funds for investigative activities
They also identified other
challenges such as unnecessary interference by media owners when it comes
to who to investigate; poor remuneration; bad working condition; and threats of
sack, demotion or salary cut.
Three respondents blamed poor
managerial decisions such as refusal or delay in releasing of funds or
equipment, and discrimination against women journalists by assigning them to
handle duties within the stations.
Indirect internal factors that inhibit IJ practice in FRCN
Findings
show that media owners also engage in indirect activities that can also affect
investigative reporting. All the ten respondents believed that lack of adequate
training on the part of many journalists in Nigeria is a major hindrance to
effective investigative journalism practice. They argued that most journalists
do not possess advanced journalism training that will enable them carry out
investigative journalism. That, some journalists lack the capability to conduct
professional investigation especially when it comes to formulating hypothesis
which will help journalists identify the dimensions of the stories that they
want to investigate. Four respondents
are of the view that a lot of broadcast stations
in Nigeria are yet to go
digital in their operations. This problem of using analogue
facilities will not allow effective conduct of investigative journalism.
Three respondents identified
corruption as another indirect problem capable of frustrating investigative
journalism. Given that most people under investigation are influential, they
can bribe the journalists with money or promise of appointments or contracts.
They also argued that some media stations are of the habit of promoting
corrupt friends and relations of media owners despite their indictment by a
competent court of law or judicial commission of enquiry. This will go a long
way in influencing reporters not to expose such corrupt people in order not to
offend owners of their stations.
Ways to address the internal factors to promote investigative journalism
practice in FRCN
The ten
respondents suggested that media managers recommended
that stations should organize regular training in investigative reporting
skills and ethical standards for their journalists;
On the
threat to life of investigative journalists, half of the respondents suggest
introduction of life insurance to investigative journalists working in their
stations given the risky nature of the job to serve as motivation to the
journalists, and called for a new law that can protect both investigative
journalists and whistle-blowers from both internal and external threats. They
news editors should make investigative reporters free from other media job
burdens given its difficulties.
Investigative
reporters should utilize social media platforms like YouTube, Facebook,
Instagram and WhatsApp whenever their stations refused to air their
stories. They also suggest for a new law that can protect both
investigative journalists and whistle blowers from both internal and external
threats.
The
respondents urged investigative journalists to exercise patience and tolerance
in the face of interference by owners, they should be diplomatic in balancing
between their professional conduct and management decision. News managers
should introduce division of labour among journalists to reduce the burden of
daily routine work on investigative journalists conducting investigations.
On the issue
of paucity of funds, the respondents urged Stations should solicit financial
support from both national and international donors like of McArthur
foundations, WSCIJ, Howard foundation, CIMA, Knight Foundation etc. in the area
of training, equipment and conduct of investigations.
Summary of study findings in a
tabular form
|
Items |
Responses |
|
Theme 1. Direct
Internal factors |
Ø Unnecessary Interference by owners Ø Poor remuneration Ø Bad working condition Ø Threats of sack, demotion or salary cut Ø Managerial decisions e.g. refusal or delay in to
releasing of funds or equipment Ø Discrimination against women journalists – Assigning
them to handle duties within the stations. |
|
Theme 2. Indirect
internal factors |
Ø Modern equipment for handling undercover reportage are
expensive Ø Lack of Journalism training, Ø Corruption as a result of poor working conditions |
|
Theme 3. Solution |
Ø Utilization of Social Media Ø Regular training on Investigative Journalism techniques Ø Life insurance policy Ø Division of labour Ø Engagement |
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Data are presented in a narrative
form in line with Waitzkin
(1990) standardised rules to ensure that respondents’ pauses, use of slang,
notations of emotional content such as whispering were conserved to ensure that
the transcript reflected as true as possible, views of the participants
and that possibility of misrepresentation was minimised.
RQ1: What are the direct internal factors that inhibit investigative
journalism practice in FRCN?
All the 10 respondents
agreed that media owners interfere with investigative journalism only when
their interests are at stake. Respondents 1 has this to say:
Every station has
objectives and in-house policy which it works towards achieving and will
jealously protect in all circumstances. This policy is usually set up by media
owners and will resist any attempt to act contrary to it.
The interference according to him can be
‘direct’ in form of:
Choosing which stories the editors and
journalists can investigate and ultimately publish or air; the power to recruit
loyalists, dismiss journalists who offend owners' interest and modification of
stories by editors. Others include delay in the release of funds to finance
investigative journalism and fear of losing jobs.
Given the harsh economic situation in Nigeria
and in view of the difficulties in acquiring jobs, no journalist will risk
engaging in any act capable of making him lose his or her job. This factor
therefore makes journalists to avoid involving or pursuing any story that can
jeopardize his means of livelihood.
Also, respondents 4,5, and 6 identify other
constraints such as poor remuneration and bad working conditions which can
force journalists to abandon investigations half way:
A situation where journalists are not paid for
months cannot be expected to carry out investigative reporting. This problem
will surely affect the objectivity of journalists because a hungry man is an
angry man.
Half of the respondents identified three
reasons why owners interfere with news contents namely: political, economic
patronage and religious considerations:
Owners of FRCN are more sensitive to
political and religious news than their private counterparts who focus more on
the economic interest. They note that owners of FRCN are
more sensitive to politics and religion because they are politicians and so
would not allow any investigative story that will affect the ruling party or
government officials
All the ten respondents however support that
modification of news by editors only happens when the report is likely going to
cause civil unrest, loss of lives or properties:
We fully support modification of investigative
news under one condition, that is, if it will lead to crisis and bloodshed in
the country especially issues involving religion. Given that Nigerians are
highly sensitive to their religions
Also, half of the
respondents describe ownership influence as inversely proportional to
investigative journalism, that is the more the ownership interference, the less
the investigative journalism recorded in broadcast stations.
Half of the respondents argue that
managerial decisions like heavy staff cuts and dwindling newsroom budgets have
made some investigative journalists jobless and thus, can accept job offers
under any condition.
There
are allegations that a radio station laid-off a sizeable number of its staff
and the criteria used for retrenchment was targeting all those who had not been
contributing in monetary terms to the running of the station. This led to the
sack of many hardworking journalists. A senior Journalist argues that
inadequate funding is capable of making it difficult for media houses to employ
experienced journalists who are capable of conducting investigative journalism.
Also, some media houses cannot acquire modern equipment needed to carry out
investigative journalism smoothly and efficiently.
A female respondent observe that,
most media managers are more comfortable to assigning male journalists the
responsibility to conduct investigative reports mainly due its risky nature
which further discourage them from venturing into it.
Given
that most news editors in FRCN are males, some chose to discriminate against
female journalists and not allow them into specific careers/ seats that
are considered risky. Women are restricted from engaging in sensitive and
challenging reports compared to their male counterparts in the media industry
RQ2: What are the indirect internal factors that inhibit investigative
journalism practice in FRCN?
In addition
to the direct interference, media owners also engage in indirect activities
that can also affect investigative reporting.Respondents 6, 7, 8 and 9 are of the view that a lot of broadcast stations in Nigeria are yet to go digital in their operations as observed:
Some journalists still
use gadgets and equipment that are analogue which makes them
technologically backward and hinders them from competing favourably
with other media houses
worldwide. Also, strong and regular internet connectivity is not always
available.
All the ten respondents believed that many
journalists in Nigeria do not possess advanced journalism training that will
enable them carry out investigative journalism. That, some journalists lack the
capability to conduct professional investigation especially when it comes to
formulating hypothesis which will help journalists identify the dimensions of
the stories that they want to investigate.
Respondents 1, 2 and 3 identify
corruption as another indirect problem capable of frustrating investigative
journalism as attested to by this respondent:
Given
that most people under investigation are influential, they can bribe the
journalists with money or promise of appointments or contracts. Another
problem is promotion of corrupt friends and relations of media owners despite
their indictment by a competent court of law or judicial commission of enquiry.
This will go a long way in influencing reporters not to expose such corrupt
people in order not to offend owners of their stations.
RQ3: How can these internal factors be addressed to promote
investigative journalism practice in FRCN?
Seven
respondents agreed that ownership interference can be tackled by broadcasting
or publishing information on other social media platforms like YouTube,
Facebook, Instagram and Whatsapp.
The
respondents also suggest for a new law that can protect both investigative
journalists and whistle blowers from both internal and external
threats. Also, ten journalists, which represent100% of the respondents, stress the need for
media owners to organize more training for journalists on media laws like
trespassing, defamation, sedition, etc. for effective investigative journalism
as noted by this respondent.
Only few journalists received training or attended a workshop in or
outside Nigeria on investigative journalism. This makes some Nigerian
journalists unable to operate modern journalism equipment that will make it
easy for them to conduct investigative journalism
On poor
training, six journalists, called for more training on modern techniques of
conducting investigative journalism for smooth operations. On the threat to
life of investigative journalists, half of the respondents suggest introduction
of life insurance to investigative journalists working in their stations given
the risky nature of the job to serve as motivation to the journalists, and
called for a new law that can protect both investigative journalists and
whistle-blowers from both internal and external threats. Likewise, they urge
investigative journalists to develop patience and tolerance in the face of
interference by owners. News managers should introduce division of labour among
journalists to reduce the burden of daily routine work on investigative
journalists conducting investigations.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis, it was
concluded that internal factors have to do more with ownership; ownership influence is inversely
proportional to investigative journalism practice; internal restrictions cause
process ineffectiveness. Findings from this study will be useful in
addressing the underlying reasons for the dearth of investigative stories in Nigerian broadcast media.
The study
will improve airing and access to investigative information about the operations of government in Nigeria. Wider access to investigative Information about the government policies and programmesgives the public greater opportunity to
hold government at all levels accountable in line with section 22 of the 1999
constitution.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Since this study examines the
internal challenges affecting investigative journalistsat work, the following recommendations are made:
1. Media organizations should
organize regular training on investigative reporting skills, ethical standards
and challenges.
2. Stations should solicit
financial support from both national and international donorslike of McArthur
foundations, WSCIJ, Howard foundation, CIMA, Knight Foundation etc. in the area
of training, equipment and conduct of investigations.
3. Investigative journalists
should utilize social media platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Instagramand
WhatsApp when stations refuse to air their stories.
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