Cite this article as: Umar, S. A. (2025). A critical discourse analysis of language and food security in Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Linguistics and Communication Studies (SOJOLICS), 1(1), 165–171. www.doi.org/10.36349/sojolics.2025.v01i01.020
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF
LANGUAGE AND FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA
By
Shema’u Abubakar Umar
Department of General Studies,
Isa Mustapha Agwai I
Polytechnic, Lafia -Nasarawa State
Abstract
This
paper explores the intricate relationship between language, power, and policy
communication in shaping public understanding of food security. Drawing on
Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework and a qualitative
research design, the paper examines selected government speeches, policy
statements, and media texts from 2015 to 2024. The findings reveal that
linguistic framing, metaphorical expressions, and rhetorical structures
significantly influence how food security is perceived and prioritized in
Nigeria’s policy landscape. Government discourse often employs technocratic and
abstract language that obscures accountability, while media narratives tend to
politicize or dramatise food insecurity, thereby shaping public emotions and
expectations. The paper argues that language is not a neutral medium but a
powerful social tool that constructs, legitimizes, and sometimes distorts
policy realities. It recommends adopting clearer, inclusive, and multilingual
communication strategies to bridge the gap between policymakers and the public.
The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on language and
development by demonstrating that sustainable food security in Nigeria depends
not only on agricultural productivity but also on how policy meanings are
linguistically produced and disseminated.
Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, language, food security,
Nigeria, communication, policy discourse.
1.
Introduction
Food
insecurity and malnutrition remain central challenges within global development
discourse, most visibly articulated through Sustainable Development Goal 2
(Zero Hunger) and sustained international monitoring by United Nations
agencies. Recent editions of The State of Food Security and Nutrition
in the World reveal that undernourishment is not only persistent but
worsening in many regions, with declining diet affordability, widening
inequality, and a growing financing gap for resilient agri-food systems (FAO et
al., 2024). These trends are driven by intersecting global shocks including
climate change, armed conflict, economic instability, and escalating food
prices, all of which undermine the availability, access, utilisation, and
stability dimensions of food security (FAO et al., 2024; World Bank, 2024).
Within this volatile global context, attention has increasingly shifted beyond
purely biophysical and economic explanations of hunger to the role of language
and discourse in shaping how food insecurity is understood, communicated, and
addressed.
Language
plays a critical role in food-security governance because policy priorities,
public perceptions, and institutional responses are largely constructed through
discourse. Government speeches, policy documents, media reports, and
humanitarian narratives do not merely describe food insecurity; they frame
responsibility, legitimise particular policy choices, assign blame or credit,
and shape public consent for interventions (Kerins et al., 2023). Competing
narratives such as food insecurity as an outcome of “external shocks” versus a
product of “domestic governance failures” reveal that discourse is a site of
ideological struggle where power, expertise, and moral claims are negotiated.
Consequently, how food insecurity is talked about has direct implications for
donor financing, policy implementation, citizen participation, and the uptake
of agricultural and nutrition interventions.
In
Nigeria, these global pressures manifest with particular intensity, making the
analysis of food-security discourse especially urgent. The country is
repeatedly identified as having one of the largest absolute populations of
food-insecure people globally, a situation exacerbated by conflict,
displacement, climate stress, and persistent food inflation (FAO et al., 2024;
WFP, 2024). Rising food prices have translated into worsening child
malnutrition, deepening reliance on humanitarian assistance, increased rural
out-migration, and heightened social tensions across affected communities (WFP,
2024; The Guardian, 2024). Against this backdrop, the language
deployed by political leaders, policymakers, development agencies, and the
media becomes consequential, not only in shaping national and international
perceptions of the crisis but also in influencing whose experiences are
recognised and whose voices are marginalised.
Over
the years, successive Nigerian governments have introduced a range of policies
aimed at improving agricultural productivity, food availability, and nutrition
outcomes. Initiatives such as the Agriculture Promotion Policy (APP,
2016–2020), the Agricultural Sector Food Security and Nutrition Strategy
(2016–2025), and more recent emergency responses to price shocks and supply
disruptions reflect evolving policy priorities and governance approaches
(FMARD, 2016/2017; IFPRI, 2016; Reuters, 2024; World Bank, 2025). At the same
time, humanitarian actors continue to play a critical role in conflict-affected
areas where state capacity remains limited (WFP, 2024). Despite these efforts,
food insecurity persists, raising questions not only about economic and security
constraints but also about how food problems are discursively framed,
communicated, and acted upon.
While
economic, climatic, and security factors dominate most explanations of
Nigeria’s food crisis, comparatively little attention has been paid to the role
of language in shaping perceptions of the problem and responses to it.
Government and media discourses often present hunger as an unavoidable
consequence of global forces, thereby downplaying structural inequality,
governance failures, and accountability (Kerins et al., 2023). Moreover, the
dominance of technocratic, bureaucratic, or elitist language in food-policy
communication frequently alienates rural populations and smallholder farmers
who are central to national food production (Environews Nigeria, 2025). This
discursive gap between policy narratives and lived realities can weaken policy
effectiveness, limit citizen engagement, and reproduce power asymmetries within
the food system.
Against
this background, this paper adopts a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
perspective to examine how food security is constructed, communicated, and
contested in Nigeria. CDA views language as a form of social practice through
which power relations, ideologies, and institutional interests are produced and
reproduced (Fairclough, 2015; van Dijk, 2018). Drawing primarily on
Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of CDA, and informed by the ethical
insights of Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach, the study treats food security
not merely as a technical or economic issue but as a deeply social and
political phenomenon shaped by discourse. Language is understood here as a
social resource that frames reality, structures policy debates, and influences
who is considered secure or vulnerable within society (Halliday, 2004; Ahearn,
2021; FAO, 2022).
The
main purpose of this paper is therefore to critically examine how language is
used to construct food-security issues in Nigeria across policy documents,
official speeches, and media narratives. It seeks to identify dominant
linguistic and discursive patterns, uncover the ideological assumptions and
power relations embedded in these texts, and analyse their implications for
public understanding, policy implementation, and national development. By
interrogating how meanings of food security are produced and circulated, the
study aims to contribute to more inclusive, accountable, and culturally
sensitive ways of framing food security, approaches that empower citizens,
enhance participation, and support Nigeria’s broader sustainable development
goals.
2.
Literature Review
Several
studies have interrogated the linguistic dimensions of governance and public
communication related to food crises. Onoja, Bebenimibo, and Onoja (2022)
examined audience reactions to media reports on farmers-herders’ conflicts
through a critical discourse lens. Their study revealed that online comments
often reproduce ethnic stereotypes and emotional narratives that exacerbate
food insecurity by worsening intergroup mistrust. Using secondary data from
Facebook discussions, they employed Fairclough’s model of CDA to highlight how
social media discourses reflect ideological divides. However, while insightful,
their work paid limited attention to institutional or governmental discourses
that influence structural aspects of food security.
Similarly,
Funke (2024) investigated the intersection of financial literacy, farmers’
welfare, and food security among rural communities in Nigeria during the
cashless policy reform. Drawing on primary data collected from 400 farmers and
analysed through a mixed-method design, the study found that limited access to
financial information and poor communication channels deepened food insecurity.
While the research emphasised communication and education, it overlooked how
linguistic framing by policymakers affects farmers’ perception of such economic
reforms, a gap that the present paper intends to address through CDA.
In
another Nigeria-based analysis, Nnamani and Mbaeyi-Nwaoha (2023) explored the
political framing of food insecurity within Nigeria’s national discourse
between 2010 and 2020. Their qualitative analysis of policy documents and media
reports revealed that political leaders often deploy populist rhetoric that
obscures systemic issues such as poor distribution networks, corruption, and
infrastructural decay. The study’s findings underscored that language is not
neutral; it is a tool of governance used to maintain legitimacy in the face of
economic hardship. Nevertheless, their analysis was confined to political
rhetoric, excluding community and media interactions that might reveal the
multi-layered discourse of food security.
Ugwu
(2024) contributed further insight by analysing how Nigerian media invisibilize
ecological and environmental dimensions of land conflicts that affect food
production. Through CDA of environmental communication reports, Ugwu’s study
found that non-human factors, such as land degradation and deforestation, are
linguistically marginalised in news framing. By privileging human-interest
narratives, the media indirectly weakens advocacy for sustainable food systems.
This omission demonstrates how the power of language extends beyond human
actors to ecological representation, providing a critical entry point for
discourse-oriented studies like the present one.
Kerins
et al. (2023) reviewed how food insecurity is framed in news media across
high-income countries. Their rapid review of 120 publications between 2010 and
2022 revealed that Western media tend to depoliticise hunger, framing it as an
individual or household issue rather than a structural problem. This framing
minimises public pressure for systemic reform. While the context differs from
Nigeria, the study highlights the universal role of discourse in shaping food
policy agendas, a thematic bridge to Nigeria’s situation, where official
narratives also downplay institutional responsibility.
Segbefia
et al. (2023) analysed the relationships among population growth, economic
development, and food security across selected African nations using secondary
data and econometric analysis. The study revealed that language and
communication strategies used in policy dissemination often mediate the
public’s understanding and compliance with agricultural interventions. Their
findings affirm that discourse is not merely descriptive but performative; it
influences behaviour and policy implementation. However, their quantitative
approach left unexplored the qualitative, ideological nuances that CDA can
uncover.
Thomas
(2023), in an IMF policy paper, assessed Nigeria’s food-supply dynamics from
2015 to 2023. Using secondary data, the study concluded that linguistic
optimism in government communications, phrases such as “agricultural
revolution” and “feeding the nation”, often misrepresents the ground realities
of poverty and hunger. The report highlighted discrepancies between official
claims and actual food supply data, indirectly pointing to how political
discourse sustains false narratives. Yet, as a policy report, it lacked
theoretical engagement with language or discourse analysis, leaving a gap for
scholarly interrogation.
Adebayo
and Yusuf (2023) also examined official speeches and media campaigns on food
policy between 2015 and 2022. Using Fairclough’s CDA, they found that
government narratives of “empowerment” and “agricultural transformation” often
serve to legitimise elite interests rather than address grassroots realities.
While rich in political discourse analysis, the study neglected everyday
communicative contexts such as farmers’ perceptions and community-level
language use, dimensions that this present paper aims to integrate.
Devereux
and Allen (2023) investigated humanitarian discourse on African food crises.
Their CDA of international NGO reports and media coverage found that Western
agencies often construct Africa as a passive victim, reinforcing dependency
narratives and North-South hierarchies. While not Nigeria-specific, the
findings underscore how global power structures influence the language of food
insecurity. This has implications for how Nigeria’s own discursive strategies
interact with or resist such global representations.
Together,
these studies reveal a consistent recognition of language as a critical
instrument in constructing the realities of food insecurity. However, most
research either focuses on media framing or economic policy without integrating
both linguistic and socio-political dimensions. None explicitly examines how
language practices at multiple levels, governmental, media, and community,
intersect to sustain or challenge food insecurity narratives in Nigeria. This
gap forms the foundation of this paper, which applies Critical Discourse
Analysis to uncover the power relations, ideologies, and communication
strategies that underlie Nigeria’s food-security discourse. By bridging the
discursive and socio-political dimensions, this paper contributes a more holistic
understanding of how language functions as both a tool of governance and a site
of resistance in the struggle for food security.
3.
Methodology
This
paper adopts a qualitative research design, which is appropriate given its
emphasis on exploring underlying meanings, ideologies, and communicative
patterns rather than producing numerical generalisations. Since Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA) is centrally concerned with the relationship between
language, power, and ideology, a qualitative approach provides the most
suitable analytical framework for this investigation. The study draws on both
primary and secondary data sources. Primary data consist of official speeches,
press releases, and media interviews delivered by Nigerian policymakers and
government agencies, notably the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development and the National Bureau of Statistics, within the period 2015–2024.
Secondary data include published reports from international organisations as
well as selected Nigerian newspapers, such as The Guardian, Daily
Trust, and Punch, which offer additional perspectives on the
public discourse surrounding food insecurity.
A
purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting texts relevant to
food-security discourse. This approach is particularly suitable for CDA because
it prioritises discourse samples that reflect dominant ideologies, contested
narratives, or instances of strategic linguistic framing. The dataset comprises
ten official speeches, five newspaper editorials, and three televised
interviews by senior government officials, all selected on the basis of their
thematic relevance and their influence on public understanding of food
security. Data were collected through documentary analysis and archival
retrieval. Official texts were sourced from government websites, press
archives, and verified media platforms, while newspaper materials were
retrieved using keyword searches such as food security, agricultural
transformation, and famine within Nigerian contexts.
Data
analysis was conducted using Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of
Critical Discourse Analysis, which examines discourse at three interconnected
levels: textual analysis, discursive practice, and social practice (Fairclough,
2010). This model enabled a systematic examination of linguistic choices,
patterns of production and consumption of texts, and the broader social and
institutional contexts within which food-security discourse is constructed and
circulated.
The
scope of the paper covers Nigerian government and media discourses on food
security from 2015 to 2024, a period corresponding with major agricultural and
economic reform initiatives such as the Agriculture Promotion Policy (Green
Alternative) and the establishment of the National Food Security Council. The
analysis focuses primarily on national-level discourse rather than regional or
grassroots communication, although implications for community engagement and
policy implementation are discussed where relevant.
Ethical
considerations were carefully observed throughout the study. As the analysis
relies exclusively on publicly available documents, including government
speeches, policy statements, and media reports, no direct human participation
was involved, thereby eliminating concerns related to informed consent or
confidentiality. Analytical neutrality was maintained by avoiding partisan or
ideological bias, with emphasis placed on linguistic structures and social
meanings rather than political alignment. Sensitive materials were handled with
due respect for institutional ownership and contextual integrity. Overall,
adherence to these ethical standards strengthens the credibility of the study
as a responsible and objective scholarly inquiry into how language shapes the
framing and understanding of food security in Nigeria.
4.
Analysis and Discussions
The
discussion of findings reveals that a dominant pattern in Nigeria’s food
security discourse is the metaphorical framing of food insecurity as a “war” or
“battle,” particularly in political speeches and government press releases,
where expressions such as “fighting hunger,” “the war against poverty,” and
“agriculture as the new oil” recur frequently. While these metaphors dramatise
urgency, they also construct citizens as passive spectators and position the
government as the central “hero,” thereby masking structural problems such as
inadequate infrastructure, weak mechanisation, and poor policy execution, a
pattern consistent with Fairclough’s (1995) argument that discourse constructs
social reality and legitimises power relations. The analysis further shows a
clear linguistic disconnect between official policy language and citizens’
lived experiences, as government institutions rely heavily on technical and
bureaucratic expressions like “agricultural value chain integration” and
“agro-industrial clusters,” which many rural farmers, particularly in Benue and
Kano States, find inaccessible, reinforcing Ayeomoni’s (2021) claim that
complex policy discourse alienates intended beneficiaries and weakens
implementation. Media discourse similarly prioritises political controversy and
sensational headlines over practical solutions, supporting Wodak’s (2001) view
of discourse as both persuasive and ideologically loaded, often favouring
short-term political narratives rather than long-term developmental concerns.
Anchored in Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Theory and Van Dijk’s
Socio-Cognitive Theory, the findings demonstrate how shared beliefs and
cultural frames, exemplified by idioms such as “man must wack,” normalise food
hardship and reduce citizens’ capacity to demand accountability. Regional and
linguistic variations further shape perceptions of food security, as Hausa and
Yoruba expressions embed moral, cultural, and health-related meanings into food
discourse, confirming Oluwole and Musa’s (2023) position that multilingual
sensitivity enhances policy communication. In comparison with earlier studies,
the findings align with Ogundele and Abubakar’s (2022) critique of elitist
government discourse but extend it by showing that linguistic framing itself
constitutes a major barrier to policy uptake, while complementing Bello et al.
(2021) by adding a linguistic dimension to explanations of inequality. Finally,
the relative absence of empowering and participatory language, in contrast to
resilience-focused narratives identified by Miller and Cooper (2020), suggests
that Nigeria’s food security discourse emphasises crisis and deficit over
collective agency, thereby limiting citizen-driven agricultural innovation and
engagement.
5.
Findings
The
findings, therefore, demonstrate that language not only reflects but also
reproduces social and economic inequalities in food access and distribution.
Government communication tends to centralise authority and obscure
accountability through euphemistic language. Meanwhile, citizens’ discourse,
expressed through idioms, humour, and local proverbs, reveals resilience but
also a sense of resignation. Expressions like “God will provide” or “na
condition make crayfish bend” (Pigin English for “circumstances force
adaptation”) reflect a linguistic acceptance of hardship, thus sustaining a
passive orientation toward policy engagement. Such findings underscore the
critical insight of CDA that discourse both reflects and constructs reality.
In
conclusion, this analysis reinforces the argument that food security in Nigeria
is as much a linguistic challenge as it is an economic one. Effective
communication, inclusive language, and culturally grounded discourse can help
bridge the gap between government intention and public understanding. The
paper, therefore, recommends that policymakers integrate discourse analysts and
communication experts into agricultural planning teams. Simplifying policy
language, translating official documents into major Nigerian languages, and
promoting positive narratives of self-reliance could enhance the effectiveness
of food security interventions.
6.
Conclusion
This
paper examined how language shapes the discourse and public perception of food
security in Nigeria and established that linguistic choices in government
communication, media narratives, and everyday interactions significantly
influence policy framing, public understanding, and citizen engagement. Drawing
on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study demonstrated that language does
not merely reflect social realities but actively constructs them, often
reinforcing power relations and masking structural weaknesses in policy
formulation and implementation. The central objective of the study was achieved
by showing how metaphorical framing, lexical choice, and ideological
positioning in official and media texts condition how food insecurity is
understood and addressed in the Nigerian context.
The
findings indicate that sustainable food security in Nigeria requires more than
agricultural and economic reforms; it equally demands a transformation in
communicative practices. Government agencies need to adopt clearer, more
accessible, and multilingual modes of communication that resonate with
Nigeria’s diverse linguistic communities. Media institutions should move beyond
sensational and politically charged representations towards developmental
reporting that frames food security as a shared national responsibility. In
addition, educational institutions have a role to play by integrating discourse
analysis and language awareness into agricultural and communication-related
curricula to strengthen policy literacy and critical engagement.
The
study underscores the importance of language as a strategic tool for inclusive
governance and participatory policy-making. By bridging linguistic theory with
food policy discourse, it contributes a new dimension to understanding food
insecurity in Nigeria beyond purely economic or environmental explanations.
Future research may extend this line of inquiry through comparative discourse
analyses across African countries or by examining digital and social media
narratives on food security in order to capture emerging linguistic trends in
an era of globalisation and technological mediation.
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