Cite this article as: Adekunle G.M., Fatahi H.O & Agiliga O.P. (2025). Hazards of Journalism Practice in Nigeria: A Study of Journalists in Abuja. Zamfara International Journal of Humanities,3(3), 46-54.www.doi.org/10.36349/zamijoh.2025.v03i03.006
HAZARDS
OF JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF JOURNALISTS IN ABUJA
Ganiyu,
Mutiu Adekunle (Ph.D)
Department
of Mass Communication
National
Open University of Nigeria, Abuja
And
Hamzat,
Owolabi Fatahi
Department
of Mass Communication
National
Open University of Nigeria, Abuja
And
Okeikwue
Paul Agiliga
Department
of Mass Communication
National
Open University of Nigeria, Abuja
Abstract:
This study examined the hazards facing journalists in Nigeria with a special
focus on journalists practicing in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja,
Nigeria. The study employed the survey research design. 300 copies of
questionnaire were administered to journalists in Abuja to elicit information
on their experiences of hazards, perceptions of safety, and strategies for
mitigating the risks. The study was anchored on the Social Learning Theory and
Social Cognitive Theory. The findings reveal a range of hazards faced by
journalists in Abuja, including physical threats, online harassment, legal
challenges, economic instability, and political interference. These hazards
have significant implications for journalists' safety, well-being, and
professional autonomy, leading to self-censorship, psychological stress,
reduced productivity, and limitations on career prospects. However, journalists
employ various strategies to mitigate hazards, including adherence to ethical
standards, safety training, and collaboration with support networks. Based on
the findings, the researchers recommended the strengthening of legal
protections, improved safety training, establishment of active support
networks, promotion of ethical journalism, encouragement of dialogue between
stakeholders among others.
Keywords: Hazards,
Journalistic practices, Reporting, Professionalism, Ethical journalism version
Introduction
Journalism plays a crucial
role in the development of Nigeria's society. It serves as a vital pillar for
transparency, accountability, education, mobilisation and the free flow of
information. It provides a platform for citizens to be informed, express their
opinions, and hold the government and other powerful entities accountable
(Nwokeocha, 2023). However, the Nigerian media landscape faces several
challenges that hinder the full realization of press freedom and the rights of
journalists (Akinwale, 2011 & Ganiyu, 2013). In a democratic society,
journalists have the right to freedom of expression and the press, as
guaranteed by international human rights instruments such as the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (Oluwatayo, 2022). These rights allow journalists to
investigate, report, and express their opinions without censorship or fear of
reprisals.
However, journalists in
Nigeria face a range of work hazard, which significantly impede their ability
to carry out their work independently and without fear (Onuoha, Talabi,
Ayodeji, et al., 2021). Some key aspects of work hazard faced by journalists in
Nigeria include violence from state actors and non-state actors, intimidation
through legal means, online harassment and cyberbullying, job insecurity, etc.
To Matthew and Onyemaobi (2020), Nwokeocha, (2023) and Frère (2014),
journalists in Nigeria often face violence and intimidation from state actors,
including law enforcement agencies, military personnel, government officials
and non-state actors (armed groups, political thugs, and individuals with
vested interests).
The harassments can be a
physical assault, harassment, arbitrary arrests, and even torture. Such actions
are aimed at silencing critical voices and suppressing information that
challenges those in power. These attacks are often
motivated by efforts to control media narratives, suppress investigative
reporting, or prevent the exposure of corruption and wrongdoing. Journalists in
Nigeria may face legal harassment and intimidation, including baseless lawsuits,
defamation claims, or charges under restrictive laws (Oyewole,
2021). These actions are sometimes used as tools to silence journalists,
drain their resources, and deter them from pursuing critical reporting.
Online harassment and
cyberbullying are another form of hazard in journalism (The
Guardian, 2019).
With the rise of digital
media, Nigerian journalists are increasingly subjected to online harassment,
cyberbullying, and threats through social media platforms and online forums.
Trolls and anonymous individuals target journalists with abusive language, threats
of violence, and character assassination, aiming to undermine their credibility
and discourage their work (Onuoha et al., 2021). Journalists in Nigeria often
face economic pressures and job insecurity, which can be used as tools of
intimidation. Media organizations sometimes withhold salaries or terminate
contracts as a means to control editorial content or discourage investigative
reporting on sensitive issues (Frère, 2014).
Statement
of the Problem
Despite the fact that
journalism in Nigeria plays a critical role in the development of the country,
yet journalists face numerous hazards and challenges that hinder their ability
to operate freely. Although, Nigerian democracy guarantee freedom of speech and
accountability, yet, courageous journalists’ pursuit of truth and justice is
often fraught with risks. Journalists in Nigeria navigate a minefield of
dangers, from physical attacks and intimidation to harassment and censorship.
Investigative reporters, investigating corruption and injustice, face the
specter of violence, or even silencing through disappearance (Oluwatayo, 2022).
The advancement of digital
communication technologies, once heralded as a haven of free expression, now
harbors its own danger, with online threats, cyberbullying, and digital
manipulation aimed at silencing journalists (Maares
& Hanusch, 2020). This creates atmosphere of fear and insecurity and
jeopardizes the personal well-being of journalists. It also affects the flow of
vital information, leaving the public vulnerable to misinformation and
manipulation.
Furthermore, the legal
landscape often fails to offer adequate protection. Inadequate legislation and
weak enforcement mechanisms leave journalists exposed to unnecessary arrests,
detentions, and legal harassment. This lack of accountability creates a breeding
ground for impunity, encouraging those who seek to silence journalists and
obstruct the pursuit of truth (Oluwatayo, 2022).
To safeguard the rights of
journalists and engender a truly independent media landscape, a comprehensive
study is essential. Limited research has been conducted on the hazard of
journalism practice in Nigeria. However, since journalistic practice is expanding,
it is necessary to examine the hazard of journalism practice in Abuja which is
the Capital Territory where prominent and powerful individuals reside including
media owners, politicians, business owners, headquarters of ministries and
government agencies, etc.
Objectives
of the Study
The
objectives of the study were to:
1. Examine the hazards being
faced by journalists in Abuja.
2. Identify ways the hazards
can be reduced as suggested by the journalists in Abuja.
Research Questions
1.
What are the hazards being faced by
journalists in Abuja?
2.
What are the ways the hazards can be reduced
as suggested by the journalists in Abuja?
An Overview of Physical
Assaults on Journalists in Nigeria
Physical assaults on
journalists in Nigeria have been a significant concern and pose a serious
threat to press freedom and the safety of media professionals. Journalists in
Nigeria have faced various forms of physical attacks while carrying out their
duties, often targeted by individuals or groups with vested interests in
suppressing information or silencing critical voices (Abdulhameed, 2014).
Between 2015 and 2023,
journalists in Nigeria and globally have faced significant hazards and
challenges in their line of work. According to the Committee to Protect
Journalists (CPJ), Nigeria is the deadliest country for Journalists in Africa
in 2020. At least four journalists lost their lives.
In addition to fatalities,
34 journalists in Nigeria were victims of assaults. This includes both male and
female journalists who faced physical harm while carrying out their reporting
duties (Abbas, 2020). Meanwhile, the relationship
between the media and the Nigerian government is often tense. Instances of
harassment, arrest, and prosecution occur when journalists report on issues
such as corruption and terrorism. The government’s attempts to influence the
media have led to a preference for independently owned news brands that are
perceived to be free of political control (Isaac &
Roper, 2021).
During the pandemic,
journalists worldwide faced challenges. In Nigeria, some states required
approval from state taskforces before publishing stories related to COVID-19.
Journalists were also assaulted and had their equipment seized while covering
pandemic-related news (Isaac & Roper, 2021). World
Press Freedom Index (2021) ranks Nigeria 120 out of 180 countries in terms
of press freedom. Journalists continue to encounter harassment, arrest, and
prosecution when reporting on sensitive topics (Mustapha-Koiki,
2019).
Theoretical
Framework
Social Cognitive Theory: Social
Cognitive Theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, is a theoretical
framework that explores how individuals learn, develop, and modify their
behaviors through the interaction between cognitive processes, social
influences, and environmental factors (Firmansyah &
Saepuloh, 2022). It emphasizes the role of observation, modeling, and
self-efficacy in shaping human behavior (Vinney, 2019).
The theory suggests that people learn not only through direct experience
but also by observing others and the consequences of their actions (Govindaraju, 2021).
In the
context of this study, the Social Cognitive Theory can be applied to understand
how journalists perceive and respond to work-related hazards in Abuja. It
provides an insight to explore the cognitive, behavioral, and environmental
factors that shape journalists' perceptions of work-related hazards. In the
context of journalism practice in Nigeria, Social Learning Theory is relevant
to understanding how journalists navigate and respond to hazards in their
profession. Journalists often observe and learn from their peers, mentors, and
role models within the industry. They may emulate the strategies, coping
mechanisms, and ethical principles demonstrated by experienced journalists to
navigate challenging situations.
Furthermore,
the theory highlights the influence of external factors, such as societal
norms, institutional structures, and media representations, on journalists'
perceptions and behaviors. Additionally, it underscores the importance of
reinforcement in shaping journalists' responses to hazards. Positive
reinforcement, such as recognition for courageous reporting, may encourage
journalists to confront risks and uphold journalistic integrity. Conversely,
negative reinforcement, such as threats or punishment for critical reporting,
may deter journalists from engaging in investigative journalism or speaking
truth to power.
Methodology
The
researchers employed survey research design. The study's population consisted
of journalists (print, broadcast and online media) in Abuja. 300 journalists
were purposively selected for this study. 300 copies of questionnaire were
distributed to the journalists in their offices, venues of programmes, the
press centres and other places. Abuja is a significant city in Nigeria, known
for its cultural heritage, peace, concentration of government and
non-government institutions, and bustling economic, political, social
activities. Thus, it has a high concentration of media outfits.
To
ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot study was
conducted by the researchers on 30 respondents. Comments made by the pilot
study’s respondents were used to improve on the questionnaire administered on
300 respondents. The data gotten were presented in simple percentages in
tables.
Results
This
section presents and analyses data obtained from the respondents. Out of 300
copies of questionnaire administered, only 250 were valid filled and returned
to the researchers.
Table 1: Most causes of hazards in journalism
|
Response |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Physical threat |
29 |
11.6 |
|
Online threat |
52 |
20.8 |
|
Legal challenges |
95 |
38 |
|
Economy instability |
26 |
10.4 |
|
Gender and minority discrimination |
16 |
6.4 |
|
Unprofessional media environment |
32 |
12.8 |
|
Total |
250 |
100% |
Table
1 presents responses from 250 participants, categorising the causes of hazards
into different categories. Legal challenges emerge as the most commonly cited
cause of hazards in journalism, with 95 respondents, constituting approximately
38% of the total, identifying them as a significant factor. This finding underscores
the complex legal landscape within which journalists operate in Nigeria, where
laws related to defamation, sedition, and national security can be used to
silence or intimidate journalists and restrict press freedom.
Online
threats also feature prominently as a cause of hazards in journalism, with 52
respondents (about 20.8% of the total) identifying them as a major concern.
This highlights the growing importance of digital safety and cybersecurity for
journalists, who increasingly face risks such as cyberbullying, online
harassment, or targeted attacks on social media platforms. Unprofessional media
environment is identified by 32 respondents (approximately 12.8% of the total)
as a cause of hazards in journalism. This suggests that factors such as
sensationalism, lack of ethical standards, or compromised editorial
independence within media organizations can contribute to hazards and risks for
journalists.
Other
factors cited as causes of hazards in journalism include physical threats (29
respondents, 11.6%), economy instability (26 respondents, 10.4%), and gender
and minority discrimination (16 respondents, 6.4%). While these factors have
lower frequencies, they nevertheless represent significant challenges and risks
faced by journalists in Abuja. Overall, the data from Table 7 highlight the
multifaceted nature of hazards in journalism, encompassing legal, digital,
professional, economic, and social dimensions.
Table 2: Physical threat is most common in
Abuja
|
Response |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Violence and intimidation to silence
journalists |
97 |
38.8 |
|
Kidnapping |
2 |
0.8 |
|
Killing |
0 |
0 |
|
Harassment from security agents |
157 |
62.8 |
|
Total |
250 |
100% |
Table
2 presents responses from 250 participants, categorizing the types of physical
threats encountered by journalists. Harassment from security agents emerges as
the most common physical threat, with 157 respondents, constituting
approximately 62.8% of the total, identifying it as a prevalent issue. This
finding underscores the challenges journalists face while reporting on
security-related issues or engaging with law enforcement agencies, where
harassment or intimidation from security agents can impede their ability to
perform their journalistic duties.
Violence
and intimidation to silence journalists is also identified as a significant
physical threat, with 97 respondents (about 38.8% of the total) reporting
experiences of violence or intimidation aimed at silencing their voices or
suppressing critical reporting. This highlights the risks journalists encounter
while covering sensitive topics or exposing wrongdoing, where they may face
physical attacks or threats from individuals seeking to silence them.
Kidnapping and killing are not reported as common physical threats among the
respondents, with only 2 participants (approximately 0.8% of the total)
reporting experiences of kidnapping and none reporting experiences of killing.
While these forms of violence are relatively rare, they nevertheless represent
extreme risks and vulnerabilities for journalists operating in high-risk
environments.
Overall,
the data from Table 8 underscore the diverse range of physical threats faced by
journalists in Abuja, including harassment from security agents and violence
aimed at silencing journalists.
Table 3: Online threat that
is most common in Abuja
|
Response |
Frequency |
Percentage (%) |
|
Discredit journalists through
misinformation |
80 |
32 |
|
Cyber-attacks |
52 |
20.8 |
|
Online trolling and harassment |
66 |
26.4 |
|
Hacking social handles |
52 |
20.8 |
|
Total |
250 |
100% |
Table
3 presents responses from 250 participants, categorizing different types of
online threats and their prevalence. Discrediting journalists through
misinformation emerges as the most common online threat experienced by
journalists in Abuja, with 80 respondents (approximately 32% of the total)
reporting instances of such incidents. This finding underscores the prevalence
of disinformation campaigns aimed at undermining journalists' credibility and
spreading false or misleading information to discredit their work.
Online
trolling and harassment are also prevalent, with 66 respondents (about 26.4% of
the total) reporting experiences of online abuse or harassment. This highlights
the pervasive nature of online harassment, where journalists may face insults,
threats, or derogatory comments targeting them personally or professionally.
Cyber-attacks and hacking social handles are reported by a similar number of
respondents, with 52 participants (approximately 20.8% of the total)
identifying each of these as common online threats. This suggests that
journalists in Abuja may encounter risks such as phishing attacks, malware
infections, or unauthorized access to their social media accounts, posing
threats to their digital security and privacy.
Overall,
the data from Table 3 highlight the diverse range of online threats faced by
journalists in Abuja, including disinformation campaigns, online harassment,
cyber-attacks, and social media hacking.
Table
1 revealed that the hazards facing journalists in Abuja are multifaceted and
encompass various threats, challenges, and risks that impact their safety,
well-being, and ability to perform their professional duties effectively. Based
on the data interpretations provided by the respondents, several key hazards
can be identified:
Physical
Threats: The data reveal that physical threats, including violence,
intimidation, and harassment, are prevalent among journalists in Abuja.
Respondents reported experiences of physical harm, verbal insults, and even
threats to their lives while carrying out their journalistic duties.
Online
Threats: Journalists in Abuja also face significant online threats, such as
cyber-attacks, online trolling, and harassment. The data indicate instances of
journalists being targeted through misinformation campaigns, hacking of social
media accounts, and other forms of digital intimidation.
Legal
Challenges: Legal harassment poses a significant hazard to journalists in
Abuja, with respondents citing restrictive laws, misuse of judicial processes,
and weak press freedom protections as key concerns. These legal challenges can
be used to silence dissent, censor critical reporting, or target journalists
for their work.
Economic
Instability: Economic factors contribute to hazards in journalism, including
low wages, dependence on advertising revenue, and poor working conditions.
These economic pressures can impact journalists' financial security, job
stability, and editorial independence, making them more vulnerable to external
pressures or influence.
Political
Interference: Political interference emerges as a hazard, with respondents
identifying politicians and government officers as major sources of threats to
journalists in Abuja. This underscores the challenges journalists face while
holding power accountable and reporting on sensitive political issues.
Relating
these findings to existing research, studies on press freedom and media safety
in Nigeria have highlighted similar hazards facing journalists across the
country. For example, research conducted by international organizations such as
Reporters Without Borders and the Committee to Protect Journalists has
documented cases of physical attacks, legal harassment, and online threats
targeting journalists in Nigeria, including in the capital city of Abuja.
Furthermore,
academic studies examining the media landscape in Nigeria have identified
structural challenges such as weak legal protections, political interference,
and economic constraints as underlying factors contributing to hazards in
journalism. These findings align with the data interpretations presented here,
providing additional context and validation to the hazards facing journalists
in Abuja.
Overall,
the data interpretations presented by the respondents underscore the complex
and interconnected nature of hazards in journalism in Abuja, highlighting the
need for comprehensive strategies to protect journalists' safety, uphold press
freedom, and promote a conducive environment for independent and fearless
journalism in Nigeria.
Table
II revealed causes of hazards in journalism practice in Nigeria, as evidenced
by the data interpretations provided by the respondents, can be attributed to
various factors:
Legal
Challenges: Respondents highlighted restrictive laws, misuse of judicial
processes, and weak press freedom protections as significant causes of hazards
in journalism. These legal challenges create a hostile environment for
journalists, where laws and regulations can be exploited to censor dissent,
silence critical reporting, or target journalists for prosecution.
Online
Threats: The prevalence of online threats, including cyber-attacks, online
trolling, and misinformation campaigns, poses a significant hazard to
journalists in Nigeria. The data indicate instances of journalists being
targeted through digital platforms, where they face harassment, intimidation,
and attacks on their credibility and reputation.
Economic
Instability: Economic factors contribute to hazards in journalism, including
low wages, dependence on advertising revenue, and poor working conditions.
These economic pressures can compromise journalists' financial security,
editorial independence, and professional autonomy, making them more susceptible
to external influences or pressures
Political
Interference: Political interference emerges as a major cause of hazards in
journalism, with respondents identifying politicians, government officers, and
law enforcement agents as primary sources of threats. This underscores the
challenges journalists face while reporting on sensitive political issues,
holding power accountable, and advocating for transparency and accountability
in governance.
Relating
these findings to existing research on journalism practice in Nigeria, studies
have consistently highlighted similar causes of hazards facing journalists
across the country. Research conducted by international organizations, human
rights groups, and academic institutions has documented the impact of legal
restrictions, online harassment, economic constraints, and political
interference on press freedom and media safety in Nigeria.
Furthermore,
academic studies examining the media landscape in Nigeria have underscored the
interconnectedness of these factors, emphasizing how legal, economic, and
political dynamics shape the hazards faced by journalists in their professional
practice. These findings corroborate the data interpretations presented by the
respondents, providing additional evidence and context to the causes of hazards
in journalism practice in Nigeria.
Overall,
the data interpretations and existing research highlight the complex and
multifaceted nature of hazards in journalism in Nigeria, underscoring the need
for concerted efforts to address legal, economic, and political challenges,
protect journalists' safety, and uphold press freedom and democratic principles
in the country.
Does
work hazards influenced journalists’ performance in Abuja?
Based
on the data interpretations provided by the respondents, work hazards indeed
influence journalists' performance in Abuja. Several key findings suggest that
hazards impact various aspects of journalists' professional duties and
well-being:
Self-Censorship:
A significant majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that hazards
lead to self-censorship among journalists in Abuja. This indicates that
journalists may refrain from reporting on certain topics or expressing certain
viewpoints due to concerns about threats, intimidation, or backlash.
Psychological
Stress: The data reveal high levels of agreement among respondents regarding
the impact of hazards on psychological stress. Journalists in Abuja reported
experiencing anxiety, burnout, and trauma resulting from threats, violence, or
harassment encountered in their work.
Physical
Harm and Displacement: A notable proportion of respondents acknowledged the
impact of hazards on physical harm and displacement. Journalists reported
instances of violence, intimidation, or forced relocation due to threats or
attacks encountered while reporting in Abuja.
Reduced
Productivity: Respondents indicated that hazards negatively affect journalists'
productivity, with many agreeing or strongly agreeing that hazards impede their
ability to work effectively, meet deadlines, or pursue investigative stories.
Reduced
Career Prospects: The data suggest that hazards also influence journalists'
career prospects, with respondents reporting concerns about job security,
professional advancement, and opportunities for career growth within the media
industry.
Relating
these findings to existing research on journalism practice, studies have
consistently documented the adverse effects of hazards on journalists'
performance and well-being. Research conducted in Nigeria and other countries
has highlighted how threats, violence, legal harassment, and online attacks can
undermine journalists' ability to report freely, uphold professional standards,
and fulfill their democratic role as watchdogs and informers.
Furthermore,
academic studies examining the impact of work hazards on journalists' mental
health, job satisfaction, and career trajectories have underscored the
long-term consequences of exposure to hazards in journalism. These findings
align with the data interpretations presented by the respondents, providing
additional evidence and context to the influence of work hazards on
journalists' performance in Abuja and beyond.
Overall,
the data interpretations and existing research emphasize the need for
comprehensive strategies to address work hazards, protect journalists' safety,
and uphold press freedom and democratic principles in Nigeria.
Conclusion
and Recommendations
The
focus of this study was to shed light on the hazards facing journalists in
Abuja, Nigeria. The data interpretations have revealed a complex landscape
where journalists navigate physical threats, online harassment, legal
challenges, economic instability, and political interference in their pursuit
of truth and accountability. These hazards not only jeopardize the safety and
well-being of journalists but also undermine the fundamental principles of
democracy and freedom of expression. They create a scary effect, leading to
self-censorship, psychological stress, reduced productivity, and limitations on
career prospects for journalists in Abuja.
Arising
from the above, the researchers recommend the following:
i.
Enhance Safety Training: Providing
comprehensive safety training programs for journalists in Abuja, covering risk
assessment, conflict management, digital security, first aid, and trauma
support, to equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to mitigate
hazards effectively.
ii.
Establish Support Networks: Fostering
collaboration among media organizations, civil society groups, legal experts,
and international partners to establish support networks and emergency response
mechanisms for journalists facing threats or attacks in Abuja.
iii.
Promote Ethical Journalism: Encouraging
adherence to ethical standards and professional integrity among journalists in
Abuja through awareness campaigns, capacity-building initiatives, and
peer-to-peer mentorship programs, to uphold the credibility and trustworthiness
of journalism.
All
media associations within and outside Nigeria and others should be actively
involved in the promotion of ethics and professionalism.
iv.
Enhance Media Literacy: Stakeholders should
promote media literacy initiatives among the public in Abuja. This is to raise
awareness of the importance of press freedom and roles of journalists in a
democratic society, guide against misinformation and censorship and foster a
supportive environment for independent journalism.
v.
Combat Impunity: Law enforcement agents,
judiciary and other stakeholders should ensure accountability for crimes
committed against journalists by investigating and prosecuting perpetrators of
violence to deter future incidents and uphold the rule of law.
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