Cite this article as: Mainasara B. (2024). Assessing the Effects of Power Politics on National Security and Development in Nigeria. Proceedings of International Conference on Rethinking Security through the lens of Humanities for Sustainable National Development Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Pp. 41-53
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF POWER POLITICS ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
By
Bashir Mainasara
Department of Liberal Studies
Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda Zamfara State
Abstract: This study examines how power politics is defined as the
strategies and actions employed by political actors to acquire and maintain
dominance in power. An overview of how Nigeria's post-independence power
struggles have shaped contemporary political practices. The research highlights
the role of power politics in exacerbating tensions and conflicts, particularly
in regions where ethnic and religious identities intersect with political
ambitions. It also investigates the impact of political competition and
patronage on the distribution of resources, which has often led to grievances
among marginalized groups and heightened social unrest. Furthermore, the study
explores the implications of power dynamics on national security, particularly
in the face of rising insurgency, terrorism, and violent crime, demonstrating
how these threats are often fueled by political instability and corruption.
Realism theory was used in this paper to support the argument, Ethnic and
religious tensions, corruption, political violence and manipulation of
electoral processes, weak institutions, deterioration of public services, and
erosion of the rule of law among others are some of the effects of power
politics shaping the country's peace, stability and security. The method for data
collection employed in this research is secondary in nature, using content
analysis by reviewing related literatures from books, articles, publications,
academic papers and academic journals.
Keywords: Power Politics, National Peace, Security, Development, Nigeria
Introduction
As Adeolu (2023) astutely observes,
"the intricate interplay of ethnic politics and incessant power struggles
in Nigeria has generated a volatile sociopolitical ecosystem wherein political
actors prioritize narrow personal or group interests over the overarching
imperatives of national security, thereby exacerbating the nation’s entrenched
security dilemmas."
National security, encompassing the
comprehensive protection of a nation’s territorial integrity, citizenry,
economic infrastructure, and institutional apparatus from both internal and
external threats, is of paramount importance for ensuring sustainable and
inclusive development. In the specific context of Nigeria, security challenges
have become ubiquitous and multifaceted, with an array of issues such as
terrorism, armed banditry, inter-communal violence, and widespread kidnapping
posing existential threats to both national stability and socio-economic
progress. The roots of these multifarious security challenges can often be
traced to the deeply entrenched political landscape, wherein the relentless
pursuit of power by political elites undermines the rule of law, weakens
democratic institutions, and perpetuates systemic corruption. The inability of
successive governments to adequately address and mitigate these security
threats reflects deeper structural deficiencies within the political system,
where internecine power struggles overshadow the imperatives of national
interest. As Ojo (2022) cogently notes, Nigeria’s security architecture is
frequently compromised by the interference of political actors, thereby leading
to the systemic inefficacy in combating security threats and fostering a
deepening sense of insecurity among the populace.
Some of the most critical ways in
which power politics adversely impacts national security in Nigeria is through
the pervasive politicization of security institutions, exploitations of ethnic
identities which in turn exacerbate regional conflicts that threaten national
unity and security. In addition to exacerbating security challenges, the
pernicious effects of power politics also have farreaching implications for
Nigeria's overall developmental trajectory. Political leaders, driven by the
exigencies of consolidating and perpetuating their political dominance,
frequently prioritize shortterm political expediency over the formulation and
execution of long term, sustainable development strategies. This political
myopia results in skewed resource allocation, wherein developmental initiatives
and infrastructural investments are disproportionately concentrated in regions
and sectors that serve the narrow interests of the ruling political elite,
while other regions and sectors are systematically neglected and marginalized.
As Adesina (2022) aptly articulates,
Nigeria’s developmental stagnation has been profoundly impeded by the
self-serving and parochial politics of its leaders, who systematically
prioritize personal and regional interests over the equitable distribution of
resources required to drive national growth and development. Furthermore, the
endemic prevalence of corruption, which thrives in a political environment
dominated by power struggles, constitutes a significant impediment to national
development and affects the public funds, which could otherwise be judiciously
utilized to address Nigeria’s pressing needs.
Eze (2023) asserts that "the
pervasive corruption entrenched within Nigeria’s political system has not only
drained the nation’s public resources but has also systematically eroded the
institutional capacity of the state, thereby preventing its institutions from
performing their critical roles in fostering sustainable development”. The
deleterious effects of power politics on Nigeria’s development are further
evident in the nation’s chronic inability to effectively implement and sustain
policies aimed at addressing its socio-economic challenges. Developmental
policies, such as poverty alleviation initiatives, economic diversification
strategies, or infrastructural reforms are frequently abandoned, underfunded,
or poorly executed due to political instability, leadership changes, or the
exigencies of power struggles. As Bello (2024) cogently explains, "the
chronic lack of governance continuity in Nigeria, driven by the relentless
dynamics of power shifts and political instability, has systematically stifled
the effective implementation of development policies, thereby perpetuating
widespread poverty and underdevelopment across the nation".
Thus, this paper, therefore, seeks
to critically assess the multifaceted effects of power politics on national
security and development in Nigeria. It will examine how the complex dynamics
of political power struggles contribute to insecurity and developmental
stagnation, with a particular focus on the political, economic, and
institutional factors that shape these outcomes.
CONCEPTUAL EXPOSITION
POWER POLITICS
Scholarly definitions and
conceptualizations of power politics typically center on the pursuit of power
and dominance as central objectives in international relations and political
affairs.
Different scholars have approached
power politics from varied theoretical perspectives:
According to Hans Morgenthau, a
classical realist, power politics is the pursuit of national interest through
the acquisition and use of power. States act in a self-help system where
survival depends on accumulating power. In his work "Politics among
Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace" (1948), Morgenthau argues that
international politics is a continuous struggle for power, rooted in human
nature’s drive for domination. Niccolò Machiavelli (1532) posits that, power
politics is about pragmatism and the strategic use of power for the survival
and success of rulers and states, often requiring manipulations, deceptions,
and ruthlessness. In his notable work "The Prince" Machiavelli’s
realist perspective advises rulers to prioritize power and survival, advocating
for the calculated use of force and political cunning.
Furthermore, H. Feldman (2023)
defines power politics in domestic contexts as the use of influence, resources,
and strategic alliances by political actors to dominate decision-making and
secure advantages within a nation’s political system. Feldman argues that this
approach often involves leveraging control over institutions and appealing to
voter blocs to expand political power.
NATIONAL SECURITY
As global dynamics evolve, so do the
definitions and conceptualizations of national security, reflecting shifts in
political, economic, and social landscapes.
The concept of human security, as
defined by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2023), shifts the
focus from state-centric security to the protection of individuals and
communities, prioritizing human well-being and addressing issues such as
poverty, health, and education. Another definition by Patel and Santos (2023)
conceptualizes national security as the capacity of a state to protect its
citizens, institutions, and values from a range of evolving threats, including
economic crises, environmental hazards, and digital vulnerabilities. They argue
that national security today is less about traditional military strength alone
and more about the resilience of critical systems that support everyday life.
Lastly, national security
encompasses social cohesion, with scholars like Amartya Sen (2023) emphasizing
that a secure society is one where citizens feel included and respected.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
National development has been
variously defined by different scholars. According to J. Ofori (2023), who
defines it as "the multidimensional process of improving the economic,
political, social, and cultural well-being of a nation’s citizens, achieved
through effective governance, infrastructural development, human capital
investment, and equitable access to resources". This definition highlights
that national development is not only about economic growth but also includes
advances in social equity, political stability, infrastructure, and the quality
of life.
In the opinion of M. Todaro (2022),
national development refers to the systematic advancement of a country's
economic and social systems, focused on reducing poverty, increasing literacy,
and ensuring equitable access to resources. Todaro emphasizes that true
national development must foster opportunities across all societal sectors,
combining economic growth with social justice and environmental stewardship to
promote long-term resilience and quality of life for all citizens.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A broad array of scholarly studies
has scrutinized the profound implications of power politics on Nigeria's
national security and developmental trajectories, underlining how political
ambitions, self-serving interests, and power struggles substantially impact
governance, security mechanisms, and economic progression.
For instance, Oarhe (2013) delves
into how an inordinate focus on political power hinders Nigeria’s security and
development aspirations. Oarhe argues that political elites are chiefly
engrossed in attaining political dominance, prioritizing it over genuine
security concerns. This focus on personal political agendas causes a
redirection of resources away from vital security interventions and
developmental initiatives, creating detrimental gaps that facilitate the rise
of criminal enterprises and instability. Similarly, Ibrahim and Igbuzor (2012)
assert that politically induced instability often fuels and exacerbates ethnic
and religious hostilities, further destabilizing the national framework. Their
study highlights the extensive ripple effect of such instability, impeding
economic expansion and social advancement while engendering a vicious cycle in
which insecurity severely obstructs Nigeria’s developmental progression.
Ogundiya (2010) critically examines
the ramifications of power politics on democratic principles and governance
structures within Nigeria, asserting that political actors routinely prioritize
personal advantage over national security and developmental objectives. This
relentless pursuit of self-interest propagates systemic corruption,
misappropriation of national resources, and entrenched political patronage,
thereby detracting from addressing foundational national issues. Adejumobi
(2013) further elucidates this phenomenon, discussing how power politics
fosters an intricate web of patronage and clientelism, which significantly
diminishes the state’s capacity to effectively address pressing security
threats. According to Adejumobi, the politicization of security forces
diminishes their impartiality and hinders their efficacy, ultimately
compromising security and developmental objectives.
Similarly, Afolabi (2016) posits
that political elites often prioritize self-interest over job creation,
neglecting policy initiatives essential for employment generation. This
disregard for employment correlates with heightened crime rates, stalling economic
growth and impeding national security.
And lastly, Adebayo and Okeowo
(2017) highlight how power politics frequently deprioritizes educational
investments, limiting opportunities for youth and increasing their
vulnerability to recruitment by extremist factions. This disregard for
educational advancement stunts the development of a skilled workforce,
impacting national security and sustainable development.
Thus, the reviewed literature
reveals that power politics in Nigeria exerts substantial influence on national
security and development, diverting attention from essential national
priorities, deprioritize educational investment and disregard for employment
opportunities among others. These political dynamics weaken governance
structures, exacerbate socioeconomic adversities, and propagate instability,
thereby obstructing Nigeria’s developmental trajectory. Despite extensive
scholarly inquiry, critical gaps persist in understanding the complete
ramifications of power politics on Nigeria’s security and developmental
landscapes. Areas meriting further investigation encompass the entrenched
nature of corruption within governance, which compromises public institutions
and undermines the rule of law, and the undermining of national security
through persistent political interference and a preference for personal
interest over national stability.
Additional research gaps include the
intensification of violence and insecurity stemming from neglected security
needs, and the manipulation of electoral processes, which undermines democratic
consolidation. Lastly, there is insufficient examination of how power politics
deteriorates public services, impacting critical sectors such as health,
education, and infrastructure, thereby hindering Nigeria’s long-term
growth.
Addressing these gaps is imperative
for formulating more effective and resilient governance and security solutions
tailored to Nigeria's intricate political landscape. This study aims to address
these deficiencies by investigating the precise ways in which power politics
impacts national and regional security strategies and developmental policies,
thereby providing insights to inform more holistic policy interventions.
METHODOLOGY
The methods for data collection
employed in this study is secondary in nature, using content analysis by
reviewing related literatures from books, articles, publications, academic
papers and academic journals.
THEORITICAL ANALYSIS
REALISM THEORY
The Realism theory of International
Relations underpins the argument in this paper.
Taking inspiration from Kautilya and
Machiavelli, the leading twentieth century realists George Kennan and Hans
Morgenthau argued that the struggle for power is the central point of all
international relations. Individuals believe that others are always trying to
attack and destroy them, and therefore, they must be continuously ready to kill
others in order to protect themselves. This basic human instinct guides the
States as well. Thus, the realists argue that rivalry and strife among the
nations in some forms or the other are always present. Just as self-interest
guides the individual's behaviour, similarly national interest also guides the
foreign policy of nation-states. Continued conflict is the reality of
international relations and realists attribute this to the struggle for power.
Thus, national interest, as defined in terms of power, is the only reality of
international relations.
The realists do not attach much
significance to means, for them national interest is the end, and it must be
promoted at all costs. The realist argument begins with the natures of politics
and man. Politics, which principally means the determination of who gets what,
when and how, or the authoritative allocation (sharing) of values (resources),
gives little or no room for morality or best behaviour. Moreover, man is by
nature selfish and aggressive, and on a matter that involves the sharing of
scarce resources over which all is contending, law and order or moral
consciousness would be the last recourse. Politics is thus the opposite of
morality. Talking about morality and law in politics therefore translates to
putting a square peg in a round hole: they do not go together. Against this
background, the realist school holds that international relations or politics
and by implication the international system have the tendency to be anarchical.
Hobbes sums it up this way: “the war of all against all”.
There may be aggravated anarchy
because of three overriding issues that characterize interstate relation:
national interest, national power and military strategy. Morgenthau who has
extended the frontiers of political realism in his groundbreaking “Politics
among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace”, argues that the main push
factor for states in the international community is their uncompromised
interest and that consequently, the ambitions of states or the clashes of
national interests have made international politics a fertile ground for
conflict. For realists, the conflict of interest, collision of roles, and
struggle for power thus make the international system prone to conflict and
anarchy. This is why political realism is often referred to as power politics,
as it strongly views international politics as essentially and solely the
pursuit or struggle for power among states.
INTERSECTIONALITY BETWEEN POWER POLITICS AND NATIONAL SECURITY
AND DEVELOPMENT
The intersection of power politics,
national security, and development elucidates a multifaceted, profoundly
interwoven relationship that underpins the political stability, economic
proliferation, and societal progress of a nation. These elements, while distinctive
in their objectives, intersect in an intricate dance of influence,
fundamentally shaping the overall trajectory of a state's internal governance
and external affairs. Comprehending their complex interdependencies is
paramount for policymaker’s intent on cultivating stability, security, and
development in synchrony.
Power politics, an embodiment of
Machiavellian strategy, signifies the calculated maneuvers employed by
political actors to accumulate and perpetuate their dominance, both
domestically and globally. At its core, power politics is an archetype of
authority, dominance, and control over political processes, resources, and
populations. Political elites often manipulate state institutions, security
forces, the media, and the judiciary to entrench their power. In democratic
systems, power politics is manifest through electoral competitions, policy
influence, and the rivalry among political factions. In autocratic regimes, it
is overt, involving coercion, repression, and statesanctioned apparatuses to
secure control.
The intersection of power politics
with national security and development arises when political actors
instrumentalize security policies for political gains. For instance,
governments confronting internal dissent or social upheaval may recontextualize
these as existential security threats, thereby legitimizing escalated military
expenditures, emergency powers, or draconian laws that neutralize political
adversaries. As per Mukherjee (2023), "In the labyrinth of power, security
narratives often become tools of repression, enabling political elites to
justify authoritarian measures under the guise of safeguarding national
stability".
Moreover, power politics can
substantially determine national development trajectories. In resource-endowed
nations or those of geopolitical significance, political elites may channel
state resources toward projects that fortify their political base rather than
inclusive, holistic development. For instance, infrastructure development may
disproportionately favor politically strategic regions, while public contracts
might be awarded exclusively to politically connected firms, breeding
inequitable development and systemic corruption. Observing this phenomenon,
Ortiz (2023) posits, "Politically biased resource allocation undermines
equitable development, exacerbating regional disparities that inflame social
unrest and threaten national cohesion”.
The nexus between national security
and power politics is undeniable, as it often serves as a justification for the
centralization of authority and the augmentation of state power. Governments,
particularly in fragile or authoritarian states, frequently invoke security
crises as a pretext to expand executive authority, diminish civil liberties,
and suppress political oppositions. By framing political or societal dissent as
security risks, regimes can legitimize the deployment of force and the
enactment of repressive policies, thereby bolstering their control. Khanna
(2022) contends, "National security discourse can be a double-edged sword
used both to shield the state from genuine threats and to stifle dissent under
the cloak of patriotism".
Furthermore, national security is
intrinsically linked with development. Sustainable development necessitates a
secure and stable environment. Without the foundational bedrock of security,
investments in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and economic advancement
are doomed to failure. Persistent insecurity manifested through terrorism,
insurgencies, or civil unrest deters both domestic and foreign investments,
disrupts trade, and diverts critical government resources away from
developmental imperatives toward military expenditure. Njoroge (2024) observes
that, "Insecurity not only stymies development but perpetuates a vicious
cycle of underdevelopment, leaving the state perpetually vulnerable to external
shocks and internal collapse”.
The intersectionality of power
politics, national security, and development is most conspicuous in fragile and
conflict-affected states. In such environments, political elites frequently
exploit security and developmental policies as tools for maintaining control,
while insecurity impedes meaningful developmental progress. For example, in
terrorism-affected regions like northern Nigeria or the Sahel, the state's
emphasis on militarized responses often overshadows efforts to address the root
causes of insecurity, such as socioeconomic inequality and
marginalization.
Thus, the confluence of power
politics, national security, and development shapes the trajectory of
nation-states, influencing their stability, prosperity, and global standing.
While each element has distinct functions, they are deeply interwoven, affecting
one another in a continuous feedback loop. Power politics often determines
national security and development policies, while security is a prerequisite
for sustainable development. In turn, robust development enhances national
security by fostering social cohesion and reducing discontent. When power
politics becomes disproportionately dominant, prioritizing regime survival over
broader national interests, it often leads to insecurity and
underdevelopment.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF POWER POLITICS ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Power politics in Nigeria has
profound implications for national security and development. The manipulation
of political power by elites often prioritizes personal or partisan interests
over the common good, leading to systemic corruption, weakened institutions,
and social unrest. This dynamic not only undermines governance but also
exacerbates existing vulnerabilities within society, contributing to widespread
insecurity and stunted development. As political actors engage in practices
that erode public trust and fuel conflict, the overall stability of the nation
is jeopardized. Thus, this segment of the paper discusses and assesses these
effects in detail.
Entrenchment of Corruption in Governance: Power politics in Nigeria has led to
the institutionalization of corruption, manifesting in various forms, from
embezzlement of public funds to favoritism in government contracts. Political
elites exploit state resources for personal enrichment, undermining the very
foundations of governance. Corruption thrives as these actors manipulate state
institutions, often diverting essential public funds that could be allocated to
infrastructure, healthcare, and education. This diversion results in severe
underdevelopment, as crucial sectors suffer from neglect and mismanagement.
Ekanem (2023) asserts, “The fusion of political power with personal wealth in
Nigeria’s political landscape has entrenched a system where state resources are
misappropriated to sustain political dominance, thereby deepening poverty and
inequality”. A glaring example of this occurred in 2023 when investigations
revealed that several state governors diverted funds allocated for healthcare
development to finance their political campaigns. This misappropriation of
funds resulted in deteriorating healthcare facilities and increased mortality
rates due to lack of access to medical services, illustrating how corruption
not only compromises governance but also jeopardizes public health and safety.
Such actions lead to a crisis of trust in governmental institutions and
exacerbate societal tensions, threatening national stability.
Undermining National Security: One of the most critical ways in which
power politics adversely impacts national security in Nigeria is through the
pervasive politicization of security institutions. Rather than functioning as
neutral, professional entities committed to safeguarding the state and its
citizenry, these security agencies are often co-opted and instrumentalized by
political elites to advance partisan agendas. This politicization erodes the
operational effectiveness and institutional credibility of security forces, as
they become mere instruments for suppressing political opposition or protecting
the vested interests of the ruling elite, rather than addressing genuine
security exigencies. The selective enforcement of legal statutes, the pervasive
culture of impunity among political actors, and the systemic lack of
accountability within security institutions further exacerbate the country’s
security crises, as criminal and insurgent elements exploit these institutional
weaknesses to perpetuate violence and disorder. Mohammed (2024) contends that
"the systemic lack of institutional autonomy and operational independence
within Nigeria's security apparatus has engendered a scenario wherein security
personnel are incapable of discharging their constitutional mandates
effectively, thereby contributing to the deterioration of public safety and a
pervasive erosion of public confidence". Also, this politicization of
security institutions severely compromises Nigeria's national security
framework because political leaders often appoint individuals to key security
positions based on loyalty rather than qualifications, undermining the
professionalism and effectiveness of security forces. This practice results in
inefficiencies and a lack of preparedness to respond to security threats.
Weakening of Democratic Institutions: Power politics in Nigeria has
systematically weakened democratic institutions, as political elites frequently
manipulate these bodies to serve their interests rather than uphold democratic
principles. This manipulation erodes checks and balances, which are essential
for ensuring accountability and public trust in governance. The integrity of
institutions like the judiciary and the electoral commission suffers when they
become tools for political gain, leading to disillusionment among citizens.
Balogun (2024) observes, “the constant interference of political elites in the
functioning of democratic institutions disrupts the principles of checks and
balances, eroding public trust”. The 2023 general elections serve as a critical
example, where the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) faced
significant accusations of bias and misconduct. The failure to investigate
several high-profile cases of electoral fraud not only further undermined
public confidence in the electoral process but also led to widespread protests
demanding electoral reform. This environment of distrust can stifle civic
engagement and participation, as citizens lose faith in their ability to effect
change through democratic means, ultimately hindering national development and
stability.
Ethnic, Regional and Religious Tensions: Moreover, power politics
significantly exacerbates regional, ethnic, and religious tensions, which have
historically been persistent sources of conflict in Nigeria. The country’s
political architecture, which emphasizes the allocation of political power
along ethnic and regional lines, frequently engenders intense competition among
Nigeria’s major ethnic constituencies, namely the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and
Igbo. This zero-sum approach to political competition fosters resentment,
exclusion, and marginalization, particularly among ethnic and regional
minorities, thereby fueling grievances that manifest in violent conflict, armed
insurgencies, and social fragmentation. The competition for control over scarce
economic resources, often amplified by political actors seeking to secure their
political footholds, further intensifies these regional and ethnic tensions. As
Adefolarin (2022) emphasizes that politicians in Nigeria have continually used
ethnic divisions as a tool for political mobilization, resulting in
longstanding regional tensions. The 2023 gubernatorial elections in Kaduna
State highlight this dynamic, where inflammatory remarks from candidates
incited ethnic sentiments, leading to violent clashes between groups.
Erosion of Public Trust in Governance: Power politics has significantly
contributed to the erosion of public trust in governance in Nigeria. As
citizens witness rampant corruption, nepotism, and the prioritization of
political interests over public welfare, their faith in government institutions
diminishes. This erosion of trust undermines the social contract between the
government and the populace, leading to apathy and disengagement from civic
duties. According to Ogunleye (2023), when citizens perceive government actions
as self-serving and corrupt, their trust in institutions wanes, resulting in
increased cynicism toward political processes. A stark illustration of this can
be seen in the 2022 EndSARS protests in Nigeria, where widespread disillusionment
with police brutality and government corruption prompted a massive youth-led
movement demanding accountability. The protests highlighted not only the lack
of trust in security forces but also in the broader governance system,
emphasizing the urgent need for reforms. This distrust can have long-lasting
implications for national cohesion and development, as disengaged citizens are
less likely to participate in democratic processes or contribute to
nation-building efforts.
Increased Violence and Insecurity: The intersection of power politics
and societal grievances has led to a rise in violence and insecurity across
Nigeria. Political leaders often use violence as a tool to eliminate opposition
or maintain control, fostering an environment where criminal elements thrive.
This climate of fear not only destabilizes communities but also hampers
economic activities and development initiatives.
As Nwankwo (2024) states, “the use of violence as a political strategy
has resulted in a pervasive culture of insecurity that threatens both human and
economic developments. The recent resurgence of violent conflicts in the Middle
Belt region, driven by political manipulation of ethnic tensions, serves as a
pertinent example. In 2023, clashes between herders and farmers intensified,
resulting in significant casualties and displacement. The resulting insecurity
has severely disrupted agricultural activities, exacerbating food shortages and
economic instability. The persistent cycle of violence not only threatens lives
but also undermines efforts toward sustainable development and national
security.
Manipulation of Electoral Processes: Power politics in Nigeria has led to
the manipulation of electoral processes, undermining the democratic framework
essential for national development. Political elites often engage in tactics
such as vote-buying, intimidation and the rigging of elections to secure their
positions, thereby disenfranchising the electorates. This manipulation erodes
the legitimacy of electoral outcomes, perpetuating a cycle of political
instability. As Afolabi (2023) notes, “the frequent manipulation of electoral
processes contributes to widespread disenchantment among voters, weakening the
foundations of democracy”. The 2023 general elections serve as a prime example,
where reports of electoral malpractice, including ballot stuffing and coercion
of voters, were widespread. These actions not only delegitimize elected
officials but also discourage citizen participation in future elections,
thereby undermining the democratic process. The resulting political instability
hampers effective governance and development, as governments formed through
manipulated processes lack the necessary public support to implement meaningful
policies.
Deterioration of Public Services: The prioritization of political
interests over public welfare leads to the deterioration of essential public
services in Nigeria. Power politics often results in the diversion of funds
from critical sectors like education, healthcare, and infrastructure to satisfy
political elites' personal or partisan agendas. This neglect directly impacts
citizens’ quality of life and stifles development.
As Ibrahim (2024) states, “the
persistent misallocation of resources away from public services erodes the
capacity of the state to deliver basic needs, resulting in widespread
disenchantment among the populace. A notable example is the persistent challenges
in the Nigerian healthcare system, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. In
2022, reports highlighted how funds earmarked for healthcare were
misappropriated, leading to inadequate facilities and a lack of essential
medical supplies. This deterioration not only affects health outcomes but also
contributes to broader societal instability, as citizens become frustrated with
their government’s inability to provide basic services.
Erosion of Rule of Law: The prevalence of power politics undermines the rule of law in
Nigeria, as political elites often act above the law and manipulate legal
frameworks to their advantage. This erosion of legal norms contributes to a
culture of impunity, where individuals with political connections can evade
accountability for their actions. According to Adeyemo (2023), “the consistent
undermining of legal institutions and processes creates an environment where
lawlessness thrives, and further destabilizing the political landscape. A
pertinent example is the ongoing challenges in prosecuting high-profile
corruption cases involving politicians. Despite evidence of wrongdoing, many
political figures escape prosecution due to their connections and manipulation
of legal procedures. This erosion of the rule of law not only fosters a culture
of impunity but also deters foreign investment and economic growth, as
potential investors perceive the legal environment as unpredictable and
unreliable.
Infiltration of Organized Crime into Politics: Power politics in Nigeria has
significantly facilitated the infiltration of organized crime into political
structures, thereby undermining both governance and national security. This
infiltration occurs when politicians collude with criminal elements to secure
votes or eliminate rivals, creating a symbiotic relationship that erodes the
rule of law and public trust in institutions. As Olaniyi (2023) observes, the
nexus between political actors and organized crime poses a serious threat to
democratic governance and national security. The implications of this alliance
extend beyond electoral integrity; it breeds an environment where violence and
intimidation are commonplace, severely impacting the safety of citizens. For
instance, in 2022, reports emerged that certain politicians financed criminal
gangs to intimidate voters during elections. This not only jeopardizes
electoral integrity but also heightens insecurity nationwide, as communities
become battlegrounds for political rivalries. The resulting instability hampers
national development efforts, as resources are diverted from critical sectors
like education and healthcare to combat the violence and restore order.
Undermining of Economic Policies: Power politics in Nigeria often
leads to the undermining of sound economic policies as political leaders
prioritize short-term gains over long-term development. When economic decisions
are influenced by political motives, they can result in misallocation of
resources, inefficiencies, and stunted economic growth. As Abubakar (2024)
argues, political interference in economic policy-making often results in
misallocation of resources and stunted economic growth. The ramifications are
widespread. For instance, in 2023, the government’s decision to subsidize fuel
without addressing the underlying structural issues in the oil sector led to
increased public discontent and economic hardship for many citizens. This
approach not only exacerbated economic inequalities but also strained public
trust in governance. As dissatisfaction grows, it can lead to social unrest and
protests, further complicating efforts to maintain national security and
development. The inability to implement coherent and sustainable economic
policies directly impacts the country’s capacity to foster an environment
conducive to growth, stability, and prosperity.
It is important at this point to
note that, the effects of power politics on national security and development
in Nigeria are both profound and far-reaching. The intertwining of political
interests with governance often results in systemic corruption, the undermining
of democratic institutions, and the exacerbation of social tensions. These
dynamics do not only jeopardize the safety and security of citizens but also
hinder economic growth and social progress. As communities grapple with the
consequences of these political maneuvers, the overall stability and
development of the nation remain at risk. Addressing these challenges is
crucial for fostering a secure and prosperous Nigeria.
MAJOR FINDINGS
This segment highlights the major
findings of the paper regarding the effects of power politics
on national security and development
in Nigeria as briefly discussed below:
Corruption:
Power politics has entrenched systemic corruption, diverting resources from
essential sectors and exacerbating poverty and inequality, which threaten
social stability and national security.
Security Ineffectiveness: The politicization of security institutions leads to
inefficiencies in addressing threats like terrorism and banditry, compromising
national security.
Weak Democratic Institutions: Manipulation of democratic
institutions erodes trust in governance and destabilizes the nation, hindering
development.
Sectarian Tensions: Political exploitation of ethnic and religious identities
increases sectarian violence, undermining national cohesion and stability.
Organized Crime: The
infiltration of organized crime into politics undermines governance and the
rule of law, heightening insecurity and threatening electoral integrity.
Policy Failures:
Political interference in economic policymaking results in short-term decisions
that stifle growth and increase public discontent, exacerbating
insecurity.
Reform Needs:
Urgent systemic reforms are needed to enhance governance, transparency, and
democratic institutions to achieve sustainable national security and
development.
RECOMMENDATIONS
To effectively address the effects
of power politics on national peace, stability, and security in
Nigeria, the following
recommendations are proposed:
1. Strengthening
Anti-Corruption Mechanisms: It
is essential to enhance anti-corruption frameworks and promote transparency in
governance. Establishing independent oversight bodies to monitor public
spending can help ensure that resources are allocated to priority sectors such
as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, thereby fostering national
development and security.
2. Reforming
Security Institutions: To
combat the politicization of security forces, there should be a comprehensive
reform of security institutions. This includes implementing merit-based
appointments, enhancing training programs, and fostering professionalism within
the military and police. Such reforms can improve the effectiveness of security
forces in addressing national security threats.
3. Promoting
Inclusive Governance:
Encouraging inclusive governance that prioritizes the interests of all ethnic
and regional groups can help mitigate tensions. Political leaders should engage
in dialogue with diverse community representatives to build trust and enhance
national cohesion, which is crucial for a stable and secure environment.
4. Fostering
Economic Policy Stability: To
promote sustainable development, economic policies should be insulated from
political interference. Establishing independent economic advisory bodies can
help ensure that economic decisions are based on long-term national interests
rather than short-term political gains.
5. Addressing
Ethnic and Sectarian Conflicts: Implementing conflict resolution programs and fostering
community-based initiatives that promote inter-ethnic dialogue can help
alleviate sectarian tensions. Engaging local leaders in peace-building efforts
can create a more cohesive society and enhance national security.
6. Investing in
Education and Awareness:
Raising awareness about the negative impacts of power politics and promoting
civic education can empower citizens to hold their leaders accountable.
Educational programs should focus on the importance of democratic values,
participation, and community engagement.
7. Utilizing
Technology for Governance and Security: Leveraging technology can enhance governance and security
responses. Implementing digital platforms for reporting corruption and
monitoring security can improve transparency and citizen engagement.
8. Enhance
Infrastructure Development:
Investing in vital infrastructure such as transportation, healthcare, and
education is essential for economic growth and social cohesion. Improved
infrastructure facilitates trade, enhances access to services, and creates
jobs, thus contributing to national development. Prioritizing inclusive
infrastructure development can help reduce regional disparities and promote
national unity, which is crucial for maintaining national security.
9. Strengthen Rule
of Law and Judicial Independence: Promoting the rule of law and ensuring judicial independence are
critical for national development. Strengthening legal institutions builds
citizens' confidence in the justice system, encouraging investment and economic
growth. An effective legal framework also combats corruption and ensures
accountability, contributing to improved governance and enhanced national
security.
Thus, addressing the challenges
posed by power politics in Nigeria requires multi-faceted approaches that
prioritize infrastructure development, rule of law, and civil society
engagement. Implementing these recommendations can foster a more accountable and
transparent governance system, ultimately enhancing national security and
promoting sustainable development. By investing in these areas, Nigeria can
create a more equitable society that meets the needs of its citizens and
supports long-term stability. Commitment from all stakeholders is essential to
realize these goals and ensure a prosperous future for the nation.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this paper has
critically examined the pervasive effects of power politics on national
security and development in Nigeria. The analysis reveals that entrenched
corruption, weakened democratic institutions, and pronounced socio-economic disparities
among others significantly undermine the country's stability and growth.
Furthermore, the exploitation of ethnic and religious identities exacerbates
tensions, leading to increased violence and insecurity. The politicization of
security institutions complicates the landscape, resulting in inadequate
responses to crises and further marginalizing vulnerable populations.
These interrelated issues illustrate
how power politics not only hampers effective governance but also stifles
economic progress and social cohesion. To foster a secure and sustainable
future, it is imperative for Nigeria to prioritize transparency, accountability,
and inclusive governance. By addressing these pressing challenges, the country
can pave the way for enhanced national security and holistic development and
ultimately benefiting all citizens and strengthening the foundations of
democracy.
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