Cite this article as: Abdullahi I. M. (2024). The Role of African Literature in the Promotion of National Security and Development. Proceedings of International Conference on Rethinking Security through the lens of Humanities for Sustainable National Development Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Pp. 54-62.
THE ROLE OF AFRICAN LITERATURE IN THE PROMOTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT
By
Ibrahim Muhammad Abdullahi
Department of English and Literary Studies
Al-Qalam University Katsina
Abstract: This paper examines how African literature impacts national security and development in Africa. It is guided by the Critical security theory of Richard Jackson (2007) and adopts the qualitative text-based method as its tool of analysis. It establishes that African literature plays a significant role in promoting national security and development by challenging harmful global narratives, fostering critical thinking, exposing foreign security manipulation and shaping public opinion. Through nuanced explorations of identity, culture, and belonging, African writers critique various negative sentiments, corruption, and political instability, highlighting the need for inclusive governance and sustainable national development. By analysing selected African novels and their impact on national security and development, this paper demonstrates the power of literature to shape a more secured and developed Africa. The paper concludes by highlighting the imperative importance of African literature in formulating and promoting a more inclusive, equitable, secured and sustainable future for the continent.
Keywords: Literature, National Security, Development, Africa and Sustainability.
Epitaph
All the problems we are faced with, and which we cannot cope with properly, are clearly stated in African novels and there is no doubt that the teaching of these lessons to growing generations can be of great benefit, by making them, so we hope, avoid the mistakes or misadventures of their intellectual elders (Datondji, 1980, p. 63).
Introduction
Security has become a global challenge in the contemporary World. Most African countries have sad experiences of insecurity that hampered with national security and economic development. Instances of Boko Haram attacks, herdsmen conflicts with farmers, militancy, political thugs and kidnappings have combined to form a formidable threat to individual countries (Ugbegili, 2019), as symbolic to collective insecurity in Africa. This adds to numerous other forms of security challenges: health, environmental, economic, cyber etc. The situation escalates with the passage of time as if Africa is afflicted with the virus of insecurity Pandemic that caused generic underdevelopments. This justifies the crucial adventure of literature into the paradigm of national security as necessary complement for national and continental growth. The interpersonal implication of both national security and development concise with the fundamental social function of literature. To achieve this literary social utility, many African authors have devoted most of their works to the service of their time, treating any salient issues of the time. This explains why:
Chinua Achebe has consistently used his works to fight for the restoration of Africa's place in world history. He firmly believes that a writer should be sensitive to the "burning issues" that ravage the economic, political and cultural life of the continent; if not, he will be socially irrelevant (Maduka, 2006, p. 213).
Professor Aliyu Kamal, is one Northern Nigerian writer who rebukes false narratives about the dominant Northern Nigerian culture – Hausa and Fulani cultural groups. Other authors like Ngugi have in several ways, critique how insecurity impacts national or continental economic development in Africa.
However, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978) posits that security is cognate to “protection against lawbreaking, violence, enemy acts, escape from prison etc.”. Literally and by implication, security suggests protective safety. This means that safety is synonymous with protection and security is a right in the protection of life and property of the citizens of the entire African continent. This is in view of the prevalent occurrences of violence wracking the globe. Today, our youths have become circumstantial victims by being forced agents of violence and insecurity in the continent. The youths are but robotic conveyor through which unpatriotic, disgruntled imperialist nations and their local cohorts unleash their ignoble emotions on their fellow citizens whenever their nefarious and selfish ends fail (Graudy, 1972).
Nigerian literary scholars and critics have established the link between literature, national security and development. Professor Charles Nnolim (2006) in his book, Literature, Literary Criticism and National Development explores the role of literature in promoting national development and security. He argues that literature can shape societal values and beliefs and worldviews which in turn can impact national security. Professor Toyin Falola’s Nigerian Literary Imagination and the Nationhood Project (2011), examines the relationship between literature and national development in Nigeria. He discusses how literature can be used to promote national security and development by exploring themes such as identity, culture, and politics. Dan Izevbaye’s Nigerian Literature and the Crisis of Postcolonial Identity (2002), discusses the role of literature in shaping national identity and security in postcolonial Nigeria. He argues that literature can be used to promote national development and security by exploring themes such as identity, culture, and politics. This paper therefore, examines how African literature contributes in the Promotion of national security and development in the continent.
Theoretical framework
This paper is guided by Richard Jackson’s (2007) Critical Security Theory. Jackson holds that "Critical security studies is not just about understanding security differently, but also about changing the way security is practiced and understood" (p. 23), adding that "Language and discourse play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of security and insecurity ... The way we talk about security has real-world consequences." (Jackson, 2005, p. 12). He asserts that “Literature can provide a unique window into the complexities of security and insecurity... By examining literary texts, we can gain a deeper understanding of the human experience of security." (Jackson, 2017, p. 20).
Methodology
This paper deploys the qualitative text-based method as its tool of data/text analysis. This is to say, it draws critical analogy from the referenced literary texts in cognizance of scholarly account of the historical period under artistic reference. In other words, the paper draws its analogy by juxtaposing literature, history, and corresponding critical scholarly views using Critical Security Theory as perimeter.
Defining National Security
National security is the security and defense of a sovereignty, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, seen as the fundamental obligation of any government. Originally, this is conceived as protection against military attack. National security is widely understood to include non-military dimensions, such as security from terrorism, minimisation of crime, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security. To this end, national security risks encompass both the actions of other nation states and actions by violent non-state actors, by narcotic cartels, organised crime, by multinational corporations, and the effects of natural disasters, and pandemics.
Governments must devise a number of measures: political, economic, and military, as well as diplomatic, to safeguard the security of the nation state. Governments may also choose to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing transnational causes of insecurity, such as climate change, economic inequality, political exclusion, and nuclear proliferation. National security policy provides the government with strategies to protect the country. Every potential threat, such as cyber threats or space threats, has policies created to offer a mandate in case of any threat or violation.
National security is typically assumed to be military until - recently when other security dimensions were studied and identified. Initially, national security was defined as the government’s ability to safeguard its citizens from military attacks. Today, the definition is widened to include other non-military facets, as earlier mentioned. As a policy, national security becomes a doctrine that provides security framework for the actions a country ought to take to provide security for its citizens. In other words, the policy is the official definition or specification of the regulatory principles, goals, and interests in promoting national security.
How National Security Inspires Development
An essential social function of any government is to provide for the national security of the country, the commonwealth and its citizens. National security is the protection of a country from aggression and other forms of internal and international threats: military and non-military, physical and non-physical. National security protects a broad range of threats: military, economic, energy, environmental, and political. In fact, a nation may face direct military threat or threats from terrorism, cyber-attacks, pandemics, and ecological disasters. By implication therefore, national security policy is the comprehensive and conscious strategies a government provides to advance national security and the course of action it pursues to accomplish these strategies.
Therefore, a country must have a strong economic foundation for effective national security. The economy provides the resources necessary to support, maintain and advance national security architecture. It provides the fund, through taxes, to build and maintain the armed forces, support diplomatic activities, and fund intelligence gathering apparatus, such as the activities of the SSS, DSS, etc in Nigeria. The economy does not only provide the funds and raw materials necessary to serve the national security interest of a nation but also an educated and skilled labour force to carry the national security and development policies forward.
A strong economy is necessary for a strong national security policy. You can think of the economy as affecting national security in at least two basic ways. First, this includes the resources necessary for providing national security of the country. The stronger the economy, the more tax revenue can be generated in order to engage in the activities necessary for strong national security and development. A weaker economy means less resources are available to protect the national security interests, and the country may be vulnerable. Second, a strong economy is not only a means to achieve strong national security but is one of the objectives to be achieved in pursuing a strong national security. A country with a strong, healthy, and growing economy advances the personal economic well-being and security of all citizens in the nation. Additionally, the economy plays a fundamental role in transnational relationship which often forms the foundation for relations among global communities. In most cases, international relations are about shared interests. For example, Nigeria as developing country has an interest in economic growth and development.
As stated earlier, a stronger economy means more resources for a financially secured population and a solid tax base for expenditures necessary to protect the national interest and development. This creates Competition that can become aggressive when countries engage in trade wars: conflicts between two or more countries regarding tariffs and other trade barriers erected against each other to protect their respective domestic industries, as seen recently between China and the USA. A tariff, for example, is a special type of tax imposed on imports that raises the costs of a foreign product for commercial advantage of domestic products.
The Role of African Literature in security and Development
Literature derives from the Latin word “Literaturae", which means "writings". It has been employed to describe fictional and imaginative writings: poetry, fiction and drama. In its advanced sense, literature implies:
… any other writings (including philosophy) history and even scientific works addressed to a general audience) that are especially distinguished in form, expression and emotional power (Abrams, 2005, p. 153).
It suffices to say that literature delves into all disciplines and influences many social changes in the global history. Therefore, literature:
… promotes a situation of dialogue between the producer and the consumer of the text, a dialogue that is predicated on the existence of the fundamental functions of literature that are both aesthetic and didactic (Echenin, 2000, p. 131).
This social connection between man and literature results from how literature reflects existence and existential circumstances makes it:
The imaginative writing (that) stands both as a direct representation of the concrete facts of our collective experience and as a reconstruction, in the form of image, of the states of consciousness induced by that experience (Irele, 1981, p. 2).
This invariably defines the role of African literature in national security and economic development in Africa through creative rejuvenation of cultural artifacts, values and worldviews that combine to move Africa forward.
Concept of Security for Development in African Literature
Jackson (2017) opines that:
Literature can provide a unique window into the complexities of security and insecurity … By examining literary texts, we can gain a deeper understanding of the human experience of security (p. 20).
Therefore, a glance at Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958) shows that the novel is a historical narrative that draws from the adventures of Europeans’ sojourn in Africa and colonial interpolation of Igbo/African culture and society. The poetic nation of Umuofia comprises of nine units of independent villages brought into cordially mutual fraternity in the novel. These nine villages have, at one time or the other, had conflicts that led to limited or expansionist wars. However, conflicts are socially unavoidable imperatives of social transformation and expansion of territorial space and political authority. Conflict is therefore, a social necessity in human and societal development. Instance of possible conflict that might have degenerated into security threat arises when a young man unintentionally let loose his father's cow which trespasses into a farm and destroyed a neighbour’s produce from another village. As everyone’s life in Umuofia town depends on his farm for food, an alarm was raised immediately due to the gravity of the trespass:
When they saw it, they drove it back to its owner who at once paid the heavy fine which the village imposed on anyone whose cow was let loose on his neighbours crops (Achebe, 1958, p. 80).
This method of mutual and traditional justice has greatly averted conflict that might have ensued due largely to injustice. It is fundamental to note that injustice is a primary causal agent of the breach in security which obviously hampers development. Judicious and immediate enforcement of the law averted the tendency for revenge which might lead to greater loses in terms of man and material, thereby destroying the necessary potentials and resources for development. The People would have been divided along sentiments and other affiliations like village/nation which will affects cooperation detrimental to the collective good of the continent as epitomised in Umuofia. This also epitomises literary conception of international justice and equality of nations. As no village/nation is above the law and justice is instantaneous, not delayed, the entire communities are secured, peace is maintained and development is also sustained.
Okonkwo, the great wrestler and warrior, a man of title, fame, influence and wealthy, accidentally shot and killed Ezeudu’s son during Ezeudu's burial ceremony as he danced the traditional farewell dance to their father. This exemplifies the commission of crime against an individual family and the state from within. In other words, this provides for security breach from within. Okonkwo immediately exiled himself regardless of his social status in his community, in compliance with the law. Okonkwo’s house was consequently set ablaze and his farm was destroyed by the community members. This is done because:
It was the justice of the earth goddess they had no hatred in their hearts against Okonkwo. His greatest friend Obierika was among them, .... And if the clan did not exact punishment for an offence against the great goddess, her wrath was loosed on all the land and not just on the offender (Achebe, 1958, p. 87).
Thus providing “…a deeper understanding of the human experience of security” (p. 20) which confirms that justice in Africa is neither secular nor materialistic but divine, inclusive and in the best interest of all and the community. This makes justice beyond the manipulative whims of man. It is a collective responsibility that knows no bound, not influenced by personal considerations nor social status. The administration of justice in Africa is instant and swift, with everyone submitting to the law. This is the actualisation of the philosophy and principle of popular rule of law. This process will not only console the souls of the family of the deceased, but will also maintain the existing cordial relationship and social solidarity that held the society together. It will also create public confidence in the law and the judicial processes. Hence, allowing peace and security to prevail and so also prosperity and social development. According to Jackson (2007) “Critical security studies is not about understanding security differently, but also about changing the way security is practiced and understood (p. 23) and, Achebe is forwarding an Afrocentric view of security and justice as the basis of sustainable human and material development to counter eurocentrism in Africa and in global relationship.
Teju Cole in his Every Day is for the Thief (2014) represents another dimension of the impact of security on development thus: "The city was a place of endless possibility, but also of endless danger" (Cole, 2014, p. 12). Thus, highlighting the high security risks in Western notion of value of materialism and greed in Nigeria. This is portrayed in youths’ restiveness, violence and arson on the streets of Lagos. In spite of these, the contradiction is made more open as even "The police were not just corrupt, they were also incompetent" (Cole, 2014, p. 56). Thus, indicting and exposing corrupt and incompetent policing system as the security issue responsible for ineffective law enforcement and the general disorder. Corrupt law enforcement obviously creates corrupt judicial processes and embezzlement of public fund. Consequently, "The city's infrastructure was crumbling, and the government seemed powerless to stop it" (Cole, 2014, p. 123). This poetically illustrates the impact of insecurity on national development. This is how the author reflects and critiques the city's decay and the government's inaptitude to institutional decadence that transforms into national degeneration, increased poverty and gradual national disintegration.
We Need New Names (2013) by NoViolet Bulawayo is a novel from Zimbabwe. The author describes another dimension of Africa’s lack of security and how this impact national development: "We were the ones who had to navigate the labyrinthine corridors of the aid agencies, begging for crumbs" (Bulawayo, 2013, p. 23). Thus pinning security issues on Africa’s dependence on foreign aid. This can be seen as the protagonist, Darling, navigates the complexities of aid agencies in Zimbabwe. To add salt to injury: “The government was a distant thing, something that only existed in the newspapers” (Bulawayo, 2013, p. 56). This reflects the problem of security issues caused by act of disconnected governance and the egoism of African politicians. As Darling reflects on the government's absence in her community, so also the absence of security and development. Thus Northern Nigeria is a good instance of disconnected government, where government is conspicuously absent while citizens are being murdered, raped and abused in the remote villages and even "The city was a place of great danger, where anything could happen to you" (Bulawayo, 2013, p. 101). Thus illustrating the extent of insecurity and how it impacts national development. This situation scares potential investors away from Africa. Hence, Africa remains impoverished, as people daily navigate the dangers of the city, caused by sustained violent reactions to poverty and social frustration.
Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Wizard of the Crow (2006) critiques lack of security and development in Kenya as symbolic to Africa. This novel reflects the global political changes and presents a historical account of the fictional land of the Free Republic of Aburiria. Ngugi critiques security and national development as “The Ruler's quest for personal glorification at the expense of the well-being of the nation's citizens" (Ngugi, 2006, p. 123). Ngugi interrogates the negative impact of authoritarian leadership on national development, where the ruler's personal interests take precedence over the welfare of citizens because:
The loan from the Global Bank to build the world's tallest building, a monument to the Ruler called Marching to Heaven, in a time of mass unemployment" (Ngugi, 2006, p. 145).
The myopia of African political leadership and extreme prioritisation of grandiose projects over addressing pressing national issues like unemployment, which undermines national development is highlighted. This creates a response from the citizens as we see: “Kamiti and Nyawira find themselves allied in opposition to the Ruler's despotic quest for personal glorification" (Ngugi, 2006, p. 201). This is not only illustrative of but suggestive of mass resistance against authoritarian rule and the significance of collective action in promoting national development and security.
.In his A Grain of Wheat (1967) Ngugi wa Thiong'o portrays another dimension in the connection between insecurity and underdevelopment. Ngugi blames the impact of colonialism on national security which instilled in the Africans, the dictatorial attitude of lawlessness and forceful control of their subjects. This attitude might have been responsible for African selective and segregated security apportioned only to the rich and the ruling elites:
The British colonial state...used violence to maintain its power and control over the indigenous population (Ngugi, 1967, p. 12).
This excessive use of force by the coloniser only creates hatred and apprehension between the ruling elites and the mass of the populace who swagger in abject poverty, disease and ignorance. Hence, the sudden release of intense anger and violent destruction of lives and properties on the slightest provocation. This state of being negates and defy national security and development due to social frustration that led youths into organised crimes like banditry, armed robbery and drugs. Consequently, creating heterogeneous and myopic social values detrimental to national security, peace and development. These clandestine and egoist mind set usually threatened national unity and insinuate capital breach of law and order because “The war had destroyed the very fabric of society...leaving behind a trail of death, destruction, and despair” (Ngugi, 1967, p. 201). This is the impact of colonial materialism which creates cultural bareness as expressed in colonial secular individualism and in the ideology of imperialist fragmentation. Consequently, “The economy was in shambles...Security was a luxury they could not afford” (Ngugi, 1967, p. 302).
According to Ngugi, the only sure antidote to this social virus that afflicts our various countries, our individual and collective mind sets and our procedures and systems as peoples and a continent is a purposeful and functional rejuvenation of our education system. This will involve a deliberate review of the education curriculum contents, aims and objectives and, more importantly, the education processes. of our people’s value perception, especially the youths, who constitute the most vulnerable majority in our populace in the continent. This is necessary because, “Education...is a weapon for the struggle for independence...It is a means of developing the human resources of the country." (Ngugi, 1967, p. 145) and the continent. If every African is functionally reeducated, he/she will be able to free him/herself from mental and physical slavery by changing his existential narratives about his origin, identity, history and civilisation. He/she will be more equipped intellectually to compete in the struggle for global existence and relevance and courageously asserts his/her humanity in the community of rational and civilised human beings.
To consolidate these lofty ideals, “Unity is the only way to achieve true independence...We must unite to build a new nation” (Ngugi, 1967, p. 256). Here, Ngugi is concerned with cultural unity in the midst of diversity. Cultural unity is essential for continental security and development as it fosters a shared identity, promotes social cohesion, and enhances collective resilience:
Cultural unity provides a sense of belonging and shared identity, which is critical for national security...A unified culture helps to mitigate social conflicts and promotes collective action (Huntington, 1996, p. 128).
This shows that literature promotes unity, security and development through the promotion of common values, national heritage and collective endearvours for the good of all. Literature contributes to collective resilience by promoting cultural unity with the understanding that “A unified culture enhances collective resilience, enabling societies to better withstand external threats and internal challenges” (Putnam, 2007, p. 137).
Africa and Imperialism
A French scholar, writer and philosopher Roger Garaudy (1972) critiques colonialism, neocolonialism and imperialism in the third world nations, including Africa. His ideas on imperialism, and generation of wars have significant implications for African security and development. His critique of imperialism resonates with Africa’s experiences of colonialism, neocolonialism and imperialism. Africa faces asymmetrical threats from global powers, terrorism and international conflicts that lead economic driven and land grabs and economic exploitation wars. Garaudy (1972) maintains that in the fourth generation of wars, the object of destruction (Africa) will fight herself and pays for the price of the weapons. The West (imperialism) incredibly fights at zero cost. Zero cost here means that the West loses nothing in the war. Therefore, Africa is perpetually chained via imperialist mechanization of forceful, remote, and subversive impositions and dominance.
In his poetic reaction, Ngugi argues that Africa needs intellectual reawakening to deal with the situation because fourth-generation wars depend on the creation of failed states. This is done through the creation of false ideological conflicts such as sectarian, racial, or regional wars which allow for the isolation of the marked or targeted area of destruction from the control of the country. To execute their clandestine plan, the imperialist remotely creates an army of villains from the sons of the country as tool of murder without any mercy or thought, to replace the armies of the occupying country. They will instigate and employ the uneducated youths without conscience or culture and engage them in aimless combat. The object is to raise a generation from within that are imbued with a culture of terrorism: murder and destruction rather than a culture of construction, reconstruction and urbanisation. How else could one explain the persistent escalation of wars and terrorism in Africa? Nigerian and Sudan are clear and handy instances of nations in which living with terror is living with another new normal.
Finally, through false human rights enqueests, imperialism will provide every means of promoting moral corruption and social decadence through free drugs, cheap alcohol, legalisation of illegal relationships and sexual issues, with emphasis on homosexuality, lesbianism and, unrestricted access to social media as alternatives to family and education. The aim is to create a failed state that would be easily controlled by imperialism and its cohorts. This is the situation of Africa, treading into the incredible reign of failed missions - a failed continent. Kymlicka, (1995) holds that:
While cultural diversity is valuable, excessive diversity can undermine national security...Cultural unity provides a foundation for managing diversity and promoting inclusive security." (p. 163)
"Cultural unity is a prerequisite for sustainable development...A shared culture facilitates cooperation, innovation, and progress." (Sen, 2004, p. 151)
Conclusion
This paper discussed the prevailing problems of insecurity in Africa and how literature can poromote security and development through artistic replication of such problems. If governments encourage the teaching of literature in schools, the citizens of Africa would learn about how to handle imperialism and its antics through collectively informed resilince and drawing from the wealth of knowledge bequeathed by our ancestors and recorded in literature. The paper has also identified the causes of insecurity and its impact on national or continental security and development.
Through literature, the paper has demonstrated instances of insecurities and how conflicts are amicably resolved without mayhem. It is hoped that the authorities and stakeholders will employ the strategies elucidated to ensure the the safety and security of lives and properties and for the creation of conducive environment for sustainable social security and development in Africa.
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