Cite this article as: Garba S. A. (2024). Examining Community Peacebuilding Initiatives in Fagge Lga, Kano State. Proceedings of International Conference on Rethinking Security through the lens of Humanities for Sustainable National Development Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Pp. 260-280.
EXAMINING
COMMUNITY PEACEBUILDING INITIATIVES IN FAGGE LGA, KANO STATE
By
Sabi’u
Alhaji Garba, PhD
House
No. 47, Tafida Road, Bukkuyum LGA, Zamfara State
Abstract: This study is designed to examine the level of
peacebuilding initiatives by community leaders in Fagge Local Government Area
of Kano State consisting of: political, traditional, religious and community
based organizations. The study aims to identify and explain the relationships
between the major causes of violent conflicts and their consequences to the
residents of the area. The study relied on primary data for its analysis
through the use of questionnaires to find out the influence of structural violence
on the prevailing social conditions via corruption, poverty, unemployment and
inequality being seen as the main drivers of conflicts, crisis in the LGA. Six
hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Literatures related to the
variables were reviewed and Conflict Transformation Theory (CTT) and Islamic
Theory of Peacebuilding were employed as theoretical framework. A survey
research was adopted and a total of 379 questionnaires were administered using
simple random sampling technique, while chi-square (X)2 statistical technique
was employed to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance with degree
of freedom and critical values relative to the statistical technique employed.
The study found out that structural conditions are the main causes of conflict
in Fagge LGA. A significant relationship between socio-economic situation,
truancy, drug abuse, thuggery and conflicts in LGA was identified.
Peacebuilding initiative by the community via the CRSDC has some level of
effectiveness in addressing the conflicts in LGA. A relationship between
community peacebuilding initiatives and transformation of the conflicts in
Fagge LGA was identified through improvement of healthcare services, provision
of job opportunities for the unemployed youths, settlement of marital, communal
disputes etc. Thus, the study recommends that promotion of equality amongst all
the citizens, equitable distribution of resources, effective and sincere
poverty eradication programmes, provision of employment to the teaming
unemployed youths, fight against corruption and social justice for all be
ensured.
Keywords: Conflict, structural violence, Peacebuilding,
Community efforts, Fagge LGA.
Introduction
Conflict has been part and parcel of human nature and society.
Conflict can be defined as a clash between individuals arising out of a
difference in thoughts process, attitudes, understanding, interests,
requirements and even sometimes perceptions Khan (2020). This is why it is
inevitable within human society as it can occur during any of the human
endeavours because all the elements mentioned in the above definition are
distinctly different. Hence, Abu-Nimer (2013:164) notes that ‘conflict is an
integral part of life, and conflict of interests and goals is an integral part
of human interactions’. Thus, there is hardly any society on the planet without
a conflict. Conflict is incompatibility, contradiction occurring between
parties pursuing a goal which fuel frustration to party with unrealized goal(s)
leading to aggression and violence (Galtung 2000:1).
The chiefs amongst the causes of violence are: poverty,
unemployment, inequality, corruption all occasioned by bad, poor governance;
are conspicuous in Nigeria. This is what is simply called structural causes of
conflicts which are in turn caused by structural violence. Structural violence is defined by inequality,
particularly when it comes to the distribution of power in a social structure” (Galtung1969:175). Clempson (2012:1) sees
structural violence as violence caused by social conditions and social structure
which Høivik (1977: 60) in Clempson (2012:1) described as the primary reason
for the persistence of conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. McAuliffe (2016) refers to structural violence
as the phenomenon whereby the structure of a society manifests unequal power
relationships which lead to unequal life chances, harming people by preventing
them from meeting their basic needs.
This unequal relationship occasioned by structural factors brought
about socio-economic changes and crisis which are responsible for the emergence
of conflicts that set in Fagge LGA in form of frustration, discontent and
outbreak of crimes such as: mugging, burglary, armed robbery, thuggery,
communal violence, drug peddling, addiction, gang violence, poverty,
unemployment, child hawking, child abuse, divorce, child abandonment, human
trafficking, child stealing, begging, environmental degradation, urban congestion,
corruption, misconducts, illiteracy, diseases, squalor, kidnapping, terrorism,
intolerance, indiscipline, insecurity, destitution, water scarcity, high cost
of living, poor electricity supply etc. These undesirable conditions can ignite
tension, frustration and affect harmony, stability and ultimately conflict in
any society. Above issues can be said to be the products of political,
economic, social and religious, etc structures and systems identified by
Abu-Nimer (2013:170) that generate and cause conflicts. Thus, the community peacebuilding efforts become
imperative in Fagge LGA.
Statement of the Research Problem
It has been generally agreed that structural factors were
unanimously identified as the causes and triggers of conflict in Nigeria. The
structural factors are usually informed by inept administration, bad
governance, corruption and institutional decay/failure. For instance, Mahmoud’s
(2014) established case of dropouts, out of school children in
Fagge due to truancy occasioned by parental, economic and social factors among
others. He described truancy as a gateway to crime and ruants are at risk of
many negative outcomes, which include educational failure, social isolation,
substance abuse, violence, adult criminality. Communities with high rates of
truancy are likely to have corresponding rates of day time criminal activities
and vandalism (Mahmoud (2014). This may be why Fagge LGA hosts a number of
street boys in places like: Ajasa, Plaza, Kwarin Gogau etc who are homeless
thus sleeping under bridges, in front of markets shops etc, with no any social
service structure in place to cater for them. The issue of street children in
Nigeria is still potent and of concern just as Jinadu (1985) observed since
then. One of the most serious problems that faced Nigeria at the end of World
War II was the increasing number of orphaned, abandoned or run-away children
who flocked into the urban areas. These young people, mostly boys, lived on the
streets and frequently resorted to delinquent behavior. Apparently these
juveniles constituted a significant problem for the colonial administration who
feared that they could be used to forment social unrest by the emergent
nationalist movements (Jinadu 1985:858). Just like the World War II caused this
type of situation, the Boko Haram terrorists activities, ISWAP, banditry,
kidnapping and corruption etc have also led to similar situation in Fagge where
the boys are ready tool for every bad task. Drug abuse and political thuggery
are common in Fagge LGA. This was attested by Siro (2014:76) where he noted that
‘direct involvement of youth in substance abuse and political thuggery’. Fagge
as an urban area residing in the heart of Kano metropolis may not be immune
from violence, conflicts, if the submission of Osaghae (1994) is anything to go
by. According to Osaghae (1994:2) ‘urban environment is a breeding ground for
various forms of violence. As the hub of political, social and economic
processes, the city is the meeting point for peoples from diverse cultural,
racial, and religious backgrounds. It is often the venue of intense class and
social struggles for scarce economic resources as well as political power… the
city streets provide the venue for riots, demonstrations and even revolution’.
Fagge has almost qualified all the above descriptions of an urban area as it is
serving as the central business district of Kano with most of the major markets
in Kano metropolis residing in the LGA: Kantin Kwari, Singa, Muhammadu Abubakar
Rimi (Sabongari), Galadima, Wapa Bureau Du Change, Beirut Road/phones, Hajj
Camp, France Road, Akija, Rijiyar Lemo/Gada etc.
Inequalities
and deprivation are closely related to the causes and dynamics of conflict
(McAuliffe 2016). Overall, as Aguilar and Gomez in McAuliffe (2016) argue,
‘[d]eeply embedded inequalities and discrimination very often pre-exist and
exacerbate acts of direct violence against the poorest and most marginalized,
and these inequalities translate into new forms of violence in the aftermath’. The relationship between unequal
relationship, frustration, poverty, drug abuse, thuggery, truancy and conflict
had been established with the former being believed to be the underlying causes
and drivers of the latter. The unequal relationship in the society breeds
disharmony, mutual distrust between the have and have-not. The resentment of
those at the disadvantaged position, the poor against their perceived
dominators, the wealthy can prompt them to violence and ultimately conflict.
Rivalry between the rich and poor most often used to heat up the polity which
threatens the security of the society as is being played out in the area under
study. This research study is more concerned with the peacebuilding efforts
being carried out by the political leadership in Fagge LGA to transform, change
the situation for the better.
Research Hypotheses
In pursuance of the study, some research hypotheses have been
formulated and tested to guide the study and these are:
H01: That structural conditions are the causes of
conflict in Fagge LGA.
H02: There is no relationship between the structural
conditions and conflict in Fagge LGA.
H03: There is no relationship between unequal
relationship between the powerful and the weaker residents of the area
H04: There is no relationship between socio-economic
situation and conflicts in the LGA
H05: Peacebuilding has no any effect in addressing the
conflicts in the LGA.
H06: There is no
relationship between peacebuilding efforts being made by the political
leadership in the LGA and transformation of the conflicts in the LGA.
Literature Review
Peace, according to Islamic sources, is the natural state of
affairs where the truth prospers and prevails (Rehman 2011:64). Peace in Islam is a state of physical, mental,
spiritual and social harmony (Abu-Nimer 2008). Peace in Islam is reflected in
the meaning of the word itself in Arabic. The word Islam means the “making of
peace;” thus, the idea of “peace” is the dominant one in Islam. In the Western
thought about peace, however, Galtung (1967) has given three
categories of peace concepts. First, "peace" as a synonym for
stability or equilibrium…it refers to internal states of a human being…It also
covers the "law and order"…in other words the idea of a predictable
social order even if this order is brought about by means of force and the threat
of force Galtung(1967:12). Peace is further divided into two major types:
negative and positive. By "negative peace", he uses it in the sense
of "absence of organized, collective violence" Galtung (1967:17).
Positive peace, is the sum total of other relatively consensual values in the
world community of nations -exemplified with the list of ten values: presence
of cooperation, freedom from fear, freedom from want, economic growth and
development, absence of exploitation, equality, justice, freedom of action, pluralism
and dynamism Galtung (1967:17). By this categorization of peace, one can say
that Nigeria is only having negative peace even at that in some parts where
banditry, kidnapping, terrorism, insurgency are not present while the positive
peace is still elusive.
Lederach (1997) in Abu-Nimer (2013:167) refers to peacebuilding as
transforming existing structures to build new relationships based on values of
equality, justice, mercy and reconciliation. The intention of peacebuilding is
to create a structure of peace that is based on justice, equity, and
cooperation (i.e, positive peace), thereby addressing the underlying causes of
violent conflict so that they become less likely in the future (Gawerc
2006:439). Galtung (1969)
sees violence as an ‘avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs and life,
that lowers the actual degree to which someone is able to meet their needs
below that which would otherwise be possible’. Structural
violence is refers to as social injustice (Galtung 1969:171). Corruption is a
form of structural violence because it is about private gain at public expense
(Kent 2011:135).
It is evident that political factors are no doubt veritable tools
prompting conflict in Africa and Nigeria in particular. Reuter (2023) avers
that violent
conflicts are likely if corruption, administrative incompetence, lack of
opportunities…etc are associated with the deterioration of the political
situation in the country. Nigeria is known for the
mismanagement of its resources, the incompetence of its leadership, and
corruption (Olubela and Oyewale 2022:4).
A study carried
out by van Duyne and Harvey (2021:2) found corruption interwoven with the
public administration in Nigeria. Corruption in Nigeria is very visible on
every level, from the intricate part of the government to the corners of the
street Edet
(2020:190).
William and Hocker (1988:34) in Kirazli (2011:33) broadly defined
conflict as ‘an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties
who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resource and interference from others
in achieving their goals”. Drawing from the above, the key variables that are
seen as the brain behind conflicts include: incompatibility of goals,
prevention of the realization of the other party’s goals, imposition of a
unilateral solution to a problem and scarce resources’. All of these variables
are very present in the Nigerian case as attested by researches conducted on it
by different persons. Adegboruwa (2023) observes that ‘corruption leads to the
misallocation of resources; as public officials divert funds meant for public
projects to personal use. This has resulted in a lack of basic infrastructure
such as good roads, schools, and hospitals’. In this, one can pinpoint
variables such as problem of scarce resources and the prevention of the
realization of the other party’s goals. While the public officials diverted the
funds meant for the public projects to personal use, issue of scarce resources
manifests, blocking their realizations of goals through the absence of the
basic infrastructures as well as imposition of a unilateral solution as the
officials alone decided not to utilize the resources at their disposal for
public good. Gibbsons’ (2019) survey attests to ‘the permeating of corruption
in Nigeria as it takes place in both rural and urban areas’.
Thus,
manifestation of corruption in Fagge LGA, the study area, appear in the areas
of poor standard of living, lack of potable water, dilapidated schools,
inadequate healthcare, lack of public transport system etc. This is attested by
Namadi (2020) who examines areas of
corruption in the health sector with specific focus on its types and nature in
the eight Metropolitan Local Government Areas of Kano State in which Fagge LGA,
the study area of this research, is included. Using the multistage sampling
technique, the results of his study revealed evidence of corrupt practices
including those related to unnecessary-absenteeism, diversion of patients from
the public health facilities to the private sector, diverting money meant for
the purchase of equipment, fuel and diesel, bribery, stealing of medications,
fraud, misappropriation of medications and unjustifiable reimbursement claims.
Youth unemployment in Nigeria has resulted in economic, social,
political and psychological crises Odia and Iyamu (2016:102). From the
foregoing, one can see that unemployment constitutes a huge source of conflict
as well as fueling it. The fuel subsidy removal has heralded an unprecedented
hardship in Nigeria due to the skyrocketing increase in the price of fuel from
N185 per litre to N1200 per litre. This almost affected everything and has
forced many small and medium scale business to close shop with their workers
laid off thereby increasing the level of unemployment. Crossman (2021),
however, sees poverty as ‘a
social condition that is characterized by the lack of resources necessary for
basic survival or necessary to meet a certain minimum level of living standard
expected for the place where one lives’. Jinadu (1985:869) establishes the
pervasive nature of poverty in Nigeria. This may have been proven by Study
Smatter (2021) which confirms that “60%
of residents in Nigeria live in poverty, lacking access to sufficient resources
such as healthcare, schooling, and income. This is also accentuated in a recent
work by Abdulkareem et al (2023:26) who observes that ‘poverty remains
pervasive and on the rise’. This
is a clear case of structural violence emanating from the inability or decision
of the leaders to deny their subjects their basic rights. Fagge
LGA, the area of this study, has not been insulated from this phenomenon.
Poverty is discernible in the area from the destitution, squalor, diseases,
environmental pollution, army of beggars, street urchins and homeless persons
etc, residing and roaming the area. Balarabe’s (2014) work attests to presence
of poverty in Fagge LGA. Inequality
is another major societal problem in Nigeria. Inequality is the gap in living standards
between rich and poor Study Smarter (2021). Inequality is conspicuous in Fagge
LGA, the area of this study, like any other LGA in the state. The LGA has some
urban poor areas such as in Kwachiri, Rijiyar Lemu and ‘Yanmata Gabas wards of
the LGA where there is a marked difference in the standard of living. The elites’
quality of standard of living is markedly different from the majority of the
masses thereby dividing the community into the have and the have-nots class
which resulted to class struggle and conflict.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical
framework for analyzing the community peacebuilding initiatives in Fagge LGA of
Kano State involves the adoption of Conflict Transformation Theory (CTT) and
Islamic Peacebuilding theory. These theories explain how conflicts, violent
conflicts are transformed, changed into peaceful ones through addressing the
root causes and nonviolent means and ways, respectively. The conflict
Transformation Theory (CTT) was expounded by Lederach (1997) to resolve the
dilemma between short-term conflict management and long-term relationship
building, as well as the resolution of the underlying causes of conflict. The
theory focuses on the transformation of deep-rooted armed conflicts into
peaceful ones (Paffenholz 2009:5). A transformational approach inquires about both
the specifics, immediately apparent in the episode of conflict, as well as the
potential for broader constructive and desired change (Lederach 2003). Conflict transformation aims at truly achieving
positive peace. It does not only aim to end violence and change negative
relationships between the conflicting parties but also to change the political,
social or economic structures that cause such negative relationships. Conflict
transformation is aimed at empowering people to become involved in nonviolent
change processes themselves, to help build sustainable conditions for peace
and justice (Wormgoor 2004:11), based on work of Lederach in Dijk (2009:11). A
transformational view raises two important questions: What are the immediate
problems that need to be solved? What is the overall context that needs to be
addressed in order to change destructive patterns? (Lederach, and Maiese (2009:8). This is corroborated by Islamic
Theory of Peacebuilding (ITP) was expounded by Abu-Nimer (2008) which is out to contribute to a theory of nonviolence
and peacebuilding principles and values from an Islamic perspective and within
an Islamic context. Abu-Nimer (2008:11) identified the following Islamic values
and principles as the guiding principles, framework of the Islamic
Peacebuilding theory: adl
(justice), ihsan (benevolence),
rahmah (compassion) and hikmah (wisdom). Other values are
unity, supreme love of the Creator, mercy, subjection to passion, and
accountability for all actions. These values are supported by innumerable
verses in the Qur’an, commanding believers to be righteous and level headed in
their dealings with their fellow beings. Forgiveness and mercy are recommended
as virtues of the true faithful… Islam emphasizes social justice, brotherhood,
equality of mankind (including the abolishment of slavery, and racial and
ethnic barriers), tolerance, submission to God, and the recognition of the
flights of others (Abu-Nimer 2008:11). Thus, Islam yields a set of peacebuilding values
that, if consistently and systematically applied, can transcend and govern all
types and levels of conflict (Abu-Nimer (2008:4). In short, peacebuilding initiatives in Islam
ought to preserve and improve the conditions for protecting human rights and
dignity, and promote equality among all people. Accomplishing those objectives
through intervention is encouraged regardless of race, ethnicity, or religious
affiliation of the people Abu-Nimer 2008:17). This framework can
promote objectives such as: an
increase of solidarity among members of the community; bridging the gap of
social and economic injustice; relieving
the suffering of people and sparing human lives; empowering people through
participation and inclusivity; promoting equality among all members of the
community; and encouraging the values of diversity and tolerance (Abu-Nimer
2008:19).
The two
theories employed in this study are apt. While the Conflict Transformation
Theory is relevant to this study because it operates like working assumptions about
community peacebuilding efforts in Fagge LGA. It provides significant
understanding of how peace can be achieved through the identification of the
root causes of conflict and changing it to positive one, the Islamic
Peacebuilding Theory is therefore relevant to the community peacebuilding
efforts in Fagge LGA. This is because, it operates like working assumptions
about how peace is being built in a community like Fagge LGA that is largely
Muslim/Islamic. The theory provides significant understanding of how peace can
be built through Islamic values of justice, benevolence,
compassion and wisdom among others. Given the fact that eight among the ten
political wards of Fagge LGA are predominantly Muslim with a substantial Muslim
population in the other two wards; Sabongari East and Sabongari West, which have
a relative understanding of Islamic values, the theory is relevant.
The Community Peacebuilding
Efforts in Fagge LGA
The Fagge Local Government Area, led by the Honourable
Chairman, Ibrahim Muhammad Abdullahi, initiated a programme called ‘Zauren
Maslaha’ a Community Reformatory and Social Development Committee (CRSDC) to
address some social problems bedeviling the community ranging from: armed
robbery, burglary, gang fight, rape, mugging, street fights, drugs peddling and
consumption, child hawking, political thuggery, environmental pollution,
divorce, poverty, inequality, unemployment, broken families/homes, human
trafficking, cybercrimes, phones snatching, juvenile delinquency, prostitution,
terrorism, squalor, diseases, illiteracy, out-of-school children,
ethno-religious conflict amongst others. The programme was officially launched
on 18th January, 2020 at Fagge LGA Secretariat.
The programme adapted a book, Jagoran Zauren Masalaha (2020) written by Sheikh, Prof Umar Sani
Fagge of the Department of Arabic, Bayero University Kano, which served as
guide to the committee. The book contains Islamic coexistence, resolution,
familial life, elimination of crimes, dispute resolution, public capacity
building, resolution of marital issues, child upbringing, environmental
hygiene, provision of skills and trades to youths. The main thrust of the CRSDC
was to fight crimes, indiscipline and deviant behaviors in the community. The
committee was replicated across all the wards of the LGA including Sabongari
area which is mainly resided by non-indigenes, ethnic nationalities which
comprises both Muslims and Christians.
The CRSDC can be said to be a multi-layered one with local
government officials and security agencies: The Police, Department of State
Services (DSS), NSCDC, NDLEA, NOA as formal, traditional and religious leaders
as well as local community organizations as informal such as Fagge Sodangi and
Vigilante Group members. At both the LGA and wards levels, the CRSDC is being
led by very important persons (VIPs) in the LGA, all the political leaders of
both the ruling and opposition parties, respected religious leaders,
traditional leaders, opinion leaders, non-formal voluntary organizations,
community development associations etc which give the CRSDC effective touch and
image.
The committee’s work is more of building peace as the ward
committee created avenues and opportunity for dialogue, settlement between
disputing, competing parties at local levels which helped in curbing localized
violence, crimes and disputes. It also mediated agreements on local issues
involving neighbours, families, couples etc. Several committees were set up for
proper discharge of the CRSDC at both LGA and wards level. They include;
education, environmental hygiene and health, proper child upbringing and
disciplinary, economic and trade, security and women.
The decision of the Fagge LGA to set up CRSDC to address
negative issues bedeviling the LGA has coincided with what experts, theorists
had provided. Lederach (1997:75) in Henry (2020:3) proposed a different concept
of peace building as engaging grassroots, local, Non-Governmental Organization,
international and other actors to create a sustainable peace process. This has
given the Fagge committee impetus to operate optimally to achieve its desired
goals. Gizelis (2011:524) has further thumped up the activities of the Fagge
committee where he said ‘Local capacities and informal social networks in
conflict areas will be particularly important for the prospect for
peacebuilding’. What the CRSDC sets to achieve in Fagge LGA can directly be
regarded as peacebuilding. It is aiming to transform the existing structures to
build new relationship based on justice, equality, reconciliation, create
positive peace, fixing problems via taking the masses of the LGA from a
condition of extreme vulnerability and dependency to one of self-sufficiency
and well-being.
Methodology
This study employs cross-sectional survey research method.
Survey research is often used to assess thoughts, opinions and feelings…Surveys
provide a means of measuring a population’s characteristics, self-reported and
observed behavior, awareness of programs, attitudes or opinions, and needs
(Kabir, 2016:245). The study population selected for this study are residents
of the LGA. Fagge LGA has a population of 200,095 according to the 2006 census
conducted by the National Population Commission (NPC) in the LGA (NPC). Due to
inability of the federal government to conduct another census exercise since
2006, the National Population Commission (NPC), has to resort to projection to
provide data for national planning. Hence, the population of Fagge LGA
according to NPC’s (2022) projection is 339, 268. This the figure this study is
relying upon. The sample size of the study is put at three hundred and
seventy-nine (379) selected based on the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size determination table. Simple random
sampling technique was used. The study deploys questionnaires method.
Three hundred and seventy-nine (379) questionnaires were sent to the field out
of which only three hundred and forty-five (345) out of the total number were
analysed based on their responses, (incomplete responses were screened out),
were selected deemed fit for data analysis. The questionnaire was divided into
two sections. Section A contained the socio-demographic information of the
respondents, while section B contained question that were relevant to the focus
of the study specifically the objectives of the study. The questionnaire was
validated both on the face and on the content by cross checking of all the
items one-by-one, by the researcher. The researcher personally administers the instrument
to the selected respondents. The data was analyzed by using percentage and
frequency distribution method. The hypotheses were tested using chi-square
statistical analyses to determine the existence of relationship between the
categorical variables at 95 % confidence level using SPSS V20 (Inc, Chicago,
USA) for windows. Pearson’s chi-square is used to determine whether your data
are significantly different from what you expected (Turney 2023).
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
4.1 Introduction
This section presents detail analysis of the
data collected from questionnaire administration, interview and field survey.
The outcome of the questionnaire survey provides a detailed understanding of
the underlying hypothesis in the study area.
1.2
Frequency and Percentage Response on Socio-Demographic Status of
the Respondents in Fagge.
Table 4.2 Showing Frequency and Percentage Response on the Socio
Demographic Characteristics of Respondent in the Study Area.
|
Gender |
Frequency |
Percent (%) |
|
Male |
253 |
73.33 |
|
Female |
92 |
26.67 |
|
Total |
345 |
100 |
|
Age |
|
|
|
15 – 30 |
101 |
29.27 |
|
31 – 45 |
111 |
32.17 |
|
>45 |
133 |
38.56 |
|
Total |
345 |
100 |
|
Academic Qualification |
|
|
|
No formal
Education |
21 |
6.08 |
|
Primary |
59 |
17.1 |
|
Secondary |
74 |
21.45 |
|
Tertiary |
121 |
35.07 |
|
Others |
70 |
20.3 |
|
Total |
345 |
100 |
|
Religion |
|
|
|
Islam |
74 |
21.45 |
|
Christian |
271 |
78.55 |
|
Total |
345 |
100 |
|
Marital Status |
|
|
|
Single |
87 |
25.22 |
|
Married |
226 |
65.51 |
|
Divorced |
32 |
9.27 |
|
Total |
345 |
100 |
Source: Field
Survey, 2023
Table 4.2 depicts the gender distribution of respondents
as presented in table 4.2 which
revealed dominance of male respondents (253) 73.33% against the
female respondents (92) 26.67%. Table 4.2
also revealed age category of respondents with majority (133) 38.56% of the
respondents to be above 45years, followed by (111) 32.17% within the age
brackets of 31 to 45years, while (101) 29.27% were within 15 to 30years
respectively. Table 4.2 also revealed academic qualification of
respondents. The respondents’ level of education shows specifically those with
no formal education constitute (21) 6.08%, primary (59) 17.10%, secondary (74)
21.45%, tertiary (121) 35.07% while others (70) 20.30% respectively. From this,
it can be deduced that the respondents with tertiary education are the
majority. Moreover, table 4.2, also
revealed that majority (271) 78.55% of the respondents were Muslims while only
(74) 21.45% were Christians. The perception and attitudes of an individual due
to marital status may differ, findings presented in table 4.2 revealed the dominance (226) 65.51% of married respondents in
the study area, (87) 25.22% were single while (32) 9.27% were divorced
respectively.
SECTION B: TEST FOR
HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis 1
H0: Structural conditions are not the causes of conflict in Fagge LGA,
Kano State
H1:
Structural conditions are the causes of conflict in Fagge LGA, Kano State
Decision Rule
If Fcal > Ftab (i.e. chi-square value
> p-value) at 95% significance level, (i.e. α=0.05), we reject H0 and accept
H1 and conclude that there is significant relationship
between the structural conditions and
causes of conflict in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
R= RESPONDENT
4.2.1 What
are the Causes and effects of conflicts in Fagge LGA?
1.
Have you ever
witnessed or experienced a conflict or crisis situation in Fagge LGA?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
P- value
|
|
15-30 |
76 |
16 |
9 |
160.652 |
<. 001 |
|
31-45 |
86 |
18 |
7 |
||
|
>45 |
105 |
21 |
7 |
||
|
Total |
267 |
55 |
23 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 160.652 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there was a
significant relationship between the structural conditions and causes of
conflict in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
2.
If
yes, which kind of conflict/crisis did you witness?
|
Respondent |
Religious, Ethnic |
Political |
Thugs /cult Clash |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
P- value
|
|
15-30 |
21 |
30 |
34 |
16 |
458.707 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
24 |
36 |
38 |
13 |
||
|
>45 |
29 |
51 |
33 |
20 |
||
|
Total |
74 |
117 |
105 |
49 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 458.707 while the table value using the degree of •freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is. P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value
was greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected
while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that majority
of the respondents have ever witnessed religious and or ethnic crisis,
political, thugs’/cult clashes, in Fagge LGA Kano state.
3.
What is
responsible for such conflicts, crisis?
|
Respondent |
Absence of Parental care |
Lack of Proper Upbringing |
Absence of security agencies |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
26 |
33 |
29 |
13 |
569.137 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
28 |
34 |
32 |
17 |
||
|
>45 |
35 |
46 |
32 |
20 |
||
|
Total |
89 |
113 |
93 |
50 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 569.137 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value; the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that structural
conditions are responsible for conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
4.
Which of the
following responsibilities of the government are most commonly absent in the
LGA?
|
Respondent |
Non Illumination of streets |
Absence of human capital development |
Non presence of security agencies |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
26 |
31 |
28 |
16 |
542.372 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
29 |
34 |
30 |
18 |
||
|
>45 |
32 |
46 |
35 |
20 |
||
|
Total |
87 |
111 |
93 |
54 |
345 |
Finding: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 542.372 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that all the under listed government responsibility were
missing in and that there is relationship between the structural conditions and
causes of conflict in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
5.
Which areas in
the neighbourhood in Fagge do you believe are witnessing frequent
crisis/conflict?
|
Respondent |
Urban Part of
the LGA |
Rural Part of
the LGA |
Low Income
Communities |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
P- value
|
|
15-30 |
25 |
31 |
34 |
11 |
492.378 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
29 |
31 |
36 |
15 |
||
|
>45 |
32 |
38 |
44 |
19 |
||
|
Total |
86 |
100 |
114 |
45 |
345 |
Finding: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 492.378 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there was a
significant relationship between the structural conditions and frequent
conflict in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
6.
In your
opinion, what is the primary reason for the prevalence of crisis/conflict in
Fagge LGA?
|
Respondent |
Poverty/ unemployment |
Corruption/ inequality |
Both
of the above |
Not
sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
26 |
33 |
32 |
10 |
579.682 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
30 |
36 |
34 |
11 |
||
|
>45 |
36 |
40 |
44 |
13 |
||
|
Total |
92 |
109 |
110 |
34 |
345 |
Finding: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 579.682 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 was P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value; the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that all the above listed variables constituted some of the
primary reasons for the prevalence of conflict in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
7.
What are the
social and economic effects/implications of conflict/crisis?
|
Respondent |
Increase in violence & criminal activities |
Destruction of properties/ Destruction of families, relationships |
Increase in poverty/ Inequality |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
27 |
31 |
30 |
13 |
531.291 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
30 |
32 |
35 |
14 |
||
|
>45 |
32 |
41 |
44 |
16 |
||
|
Total |
89 |
104 |
109 |
43 |
345 |
Finding: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 531.291 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 was P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value
was greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected
while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that all the
above listed variables constituted some of the implications of conflict in
Fagge LGA, Kano state.
H0: There
is no relationship between the structural conditions and conflict in Fagge LGA,
Kano State
H2: There
is a relationship between the structural conditions and conflict in Fagge LGA,
Kano State
4.2.2 Do
structural conditions play roles in conflict generation in Fagge LGA?
8.
How
does corruption, ineptitude and lack of political will from the leaders
contribute to conflict, crisis in Fagge LGA?
|
Promotes selfishness/ Undermines social
justice |
Erodes communal relation and feelings/
Encourages lawlessness |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
||
|
15-30 |
26 |
33 |
29 |
13 |
533.76 |
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
29 |
34 |
32 |
16 |
||
|
>45 |
32 |
42 |
39 |
20 |
||
|
Total |
87 |
109 |
100 |
49 |
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 533.760 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that structural conditions play roles in conflict generation in Fagge
LGA.
9. In your view, how do structural conditions affect the residents of
Fagge LGA?
|
Respondent |
Increase in
poverty, diseases and environmental pollution |
Family
disintegration |
Illiteracy
and educational lag |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
27 |
32 |
33 |
9 |
594.813 |
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
31 |
35 |
32 |
13 |
||
|
>45 |
35 |
43 |
37 |
18 |
||
|
Total |
93 |
110 |
102 |
40 |
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 594.813 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that structural conditions affect
residents in Fagge LGA.
H0: There
is no relationship between unequal relationship between the powerful and the
weaker residents of the area
H3: There
is a relationship between unequal relationship between the powerful and the
weaker residents of the area
4.2.3 Is there
unequal relationship between the residents of the area and how does that affect
lives in the LGA?
10. How has the relationship been amongst the residents of the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Very cordial |
Cordial |
Rancorous |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
20 |
33 |
38 |
10 |
438.321 |
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
26 |
34 |
39 |
12 |
||
|
>45 |
30 |
40 |
47 |
16 |
||
|
Total |
76 |
107 |
124 |
38 |
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 438.321 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 was P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value; the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that there is unequal
relationship between the powerful and the weaker residents of the area.
11.
What
is the relation like between the children of the poor and the rich in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Have been
playing together |
Have not been
playing together |
Cannot be
playing together |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
27 |
31 |
33 |
10 |
|
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
30 |
34 |
37 |
10 |
550.662 |
|
|
>45 |
32 |
44 |
40 |
17 |
|
|
|
Total |
89 |
109 |
110 |
37 |
|
|
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 550.662 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that there is relationship between
unequal relationship between the children of the powerful and the weaker
residents of the area.
12.
Are
the children of the rich and the poor going to the same schools in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
31 |
56 |
14 |
|
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
34 |
61 |
16 |
|
|
|
>45 |
37 |
79 |
17 |
408.327 |
|
|
Total |
102 |
196 |
47 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 408.327 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there is a
relationship between unequal relationship between the powerful and the weaker
residents of the area and the schools being attended by their children.
13.
How
do you perceive the class relationship between the poor and the rich in the
LGA?
|
Respondent |
Normal |
Abnormal |
Envious |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
23 |
33 |
32 |
13 |
493.323 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
26 |
34 |
36 |
15 |
||
|
>45 |
35 |
38 |
42 |
18 |
||
|
Total |
84 |
105 |
110 |
46 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 493.323 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies there is
relationship between unequal relationship between the powerful and the weaker
residents of the area.
H0: There
is no relationship between socio-economic situation, truancy, drug abuse and
thuggery and conflicts in the LGA
H4: There is a relationship between
socio-economic situation, truancy, drug abuse and thuggery and conflicts in the
LGA.
4.2.4 Does the socio-economic
situation influence out-of-school-children, drops out, drug abuse, thuggery,
diseases, squalor, environmental pollution, burglary, armed robbery, divorce,
water scarcity, street begging, street/homeless children etc. that are seen as
drivers of conflicts in the LGA?
14. Are these social problems and many others not mentioned above which
serve as derivers of conflict present in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
59 |
25 |
17 |
315.704 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
67 |
29 |
15 |
||
|
>45 |
78 |
37 |
18 |
||
|
Total |
204 |
91 |
50 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 315.704 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there was a
significant relationship between socio-economic situation, truancy,
drug abuse, thuggery and conflicts in
Fagge LGA, Kano state.
15. How do you perceive the role of the socio-economic situation in
promoting conflict in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Lack
of good governance /lack
of job opportunity
|
Lack
of provision of amenities to the public |
Paucity
of money in the hands of the people/parents |
Not
sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
|
15-30 |
24 |
33 |
31 |
13 |
523.653
|
.001 |
|
|
31-45 |
30 |
35 |
36 |
10 |
|||
|
>45 |
32 |
41 |
43 |
17 |
|||
|
Total |
86 |
109 |
110 |
40 |
345 |
||
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 523.653 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that there was a significant relationship between socio-economic situation, truancy, drug abuse, thuggery and
conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
16. Do you think the socio-economic situation in the LGA plays role in
causing conflict in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
61 |
25 |
15 |
312.457 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
70 |
28 |
13 |
||
|
>45 |
89 |
29 |
15 |
||
|
Total |
220 |
82 |
43 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 312.457 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there was a
significant relationship between socio-economic situation and
conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
17. Do you think some of the social problems mentioned above that serve
as drivers of conflict are related to absence of parental care/responsibilities
and communal indifference?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
61 |
27 |
13 |
332.513 |
.001 |
|
31-45 |
68 |
29 |
14 |
||
|
>45 |
86 |
32 |
15 |
||
|
Total |
215 |
88 |
42 |
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 332.513 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there was a
significant relationship between parental care and conflicts
in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
H0: Peacebuilding
has no any effect in addressing the conflicts in the LGA.
H5: Peacebuilding has effects in addressing the conflicts in the LGA.
4.2.5 Does peace building have any
effect in addressing the conflicts in the LGA?
18. How do you perceive the effects of the sensitization efforts by the
‘Zauren Sulhu’ Community Reformatory and Social Development Committee (CRSDC)
in the LGA?
|
Respondent
|
Very
high |
High |
Moderate |
Not
sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
34 |
28 |
30 |
9 |
553.449 |
.001
|
|
31-45 |
35 |
37 |
29 |
10 |
||
|
>45 |
46 |
43 |
31 |
13 |
||
|
Total |
115 |
108 |
90 |
32 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, calculated chi-square value was 553.449 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that peacebuilding efforts by the CRSDC have some level of
effectiveness in addressing the conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
19. In your view, how does the CRSDC effort address the conflict/crisis
in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Develops
cordial relationship amongst neighbors |
Leads
to increase understanding amongst the residents |
Heightens
peaceful coexistence amongst residence |
Not
sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
35 |
30 |
28 |
8 |
530.822 |
.001
|
|
31-45 |
39 |
36 |
27 |
9 |
||
|
>45 |
42 |
45 |
35 |
11 |
||
|
Total |
116 |
111 |
90 |
28 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 530.822 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that the CRSDC plays
significant roles in addressing the conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
20.
In
your view, does the CRSDC effort contribute to reduction of violence, conflict
in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
59 |
27 |
15 |
340.850
|
.001
|
|
31-45 |
65 |
30 |
16 |
||
|
>45 |
87 |
31 |
15 |
||
|
Total |
211 |
88 |
46 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 340.850 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that peacebuilding efforts by the CRSDC have some level of
effectiveness in addressing the conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
H0: There
is no relationship between peacebuilding efforts being made by the political
leadership in the LGA and transformation of the conflicts in the LGA.
H6: There
is relationship between peacebuilding efforts being made by the political
leadership in the LGA and transformation of the conflicts in the LGA.
2.4.6 Do the peacebuilding efforts
being made by the political leadership in the LGA help in transforming the
conflicts in the LGA?
21. Are you optimistic about the prospects of effectively changing
the conflict situation in the LGA for the better?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
56 |
27 |
18 |
|
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
65 |
31 |
15 |
|
|
|
>45 |
83 |
34 |
16 |
315.66 |
|
|
Total |
204 |
92 |
49 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 315.660 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that the respondent were optimistic about the prospects of
effectively changing the conflict situation in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
22. In your opinion, do you think the involvement of all stakeholders
in the community and the LGA at large namely: LGA officials, security agencies,
traditional and religious leaders, vigilante, community organizations etc. in
the campaign against violence, conflict to reform the society for peace,
security and development?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
61 |
27 |
13 |
|
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
69 |
30 |
12 |
|
|
|
>45 |
83 |
35 |
15 |
340.798 |
|
|
Total |
213 |
92 |
40 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the SPSS output, the calculated
chi-square value was 340.798 while the table value using the degree of freedom
and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001. Thus, the calculated value was
greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected while
the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It therefore implies that there is
relationship between peacebuilding efforts being made by the political
leadership in the LGA and transformation of the conflicts in Fagge LGA, Kano
state.
23. Do you observe improvement of healthcare services following the
setting up of a monitoring subcommittee to closely the activities of all the
Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) across the LGA by the CRSDC?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
59 |
32 |
10 |
|
0.001 |
|
31-45 |
65 |
34 |
12 |
|
|
|
>45 |
79 |
37 |
17 |
312.083 |
|
|
Total |
203 |
103 |
39 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 312.083 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies that there is an improvement of healthcare services with some
level of effectiveness in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
22. Are you aware that the CRSDC provided job opportunities for the
unemployed youth in the LGA?
|
Respondent |
Yes |
No |
Not sure |
Chi-square
value |
p-value |
|
15-30 |
55 |
33 |
13 |
325.527 |
.001
|
|
31-45 |
63 |
34 |
14 |
||
|
>45 |
89 |
31 |
13 |
||
|
Total |
207 |
98 |
40 |
|
345 |
Findings: From the
SPSS output, the calculated chi-square value was 325.527 while the table value
using the degree of freedom and level of significance of 0.05 is P<0.001.
Thus, the calculated value was greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis is therefore rejected while the alternate hypothesis is accepted. It
therefore implies the respondent were aware that CRSDC provided job
opportunities for the unemployed youths in Fagge LGA, Kano state.
The study has shown through its
findings that structural conditions are
the main causes of conflict in Fagge LGA. A significant relationship between
socio-economic situation, truancy, drug abuse, thuggery and conflicts in LGA was identified. Peacebuilding initiative
by the community via the CRSDC has some level of effectiveness in addressing
the conflicts in LGA. A
relationship between community peacebuilding initiatives and transformation of
the conflicts in Fagge LGA was identified through improvement of healthcare
services, provision of job opportunities for the unemployed youths, settlement
of marital, communal disputes etc.
Recommendations
Based on
the empirical and theoretical findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:
promotion of equality amongst all the citizens devoid of their status,
ethnicity, religion and region. Equitable distribution of resources should be
given utmost priority to ensure equality. Effective and sincere poverty
eradication programmes as the earlier ones have not fully served their purpose.
Provision of employment to the teaming unemployed youths across the country
which will reduce youth vulnerability in recruitment for criminal activities.
Fight against corruption and ensuring social justice for all.
References
Abdulkareem,
H. K.K. et al (2023) ‘Socioeconomic development and sustainable development in
Nigeria: the roles of poverty reduction and social inclusion’, Journal of
Business and Socioeconomic Development Vol. 3 No. 3, 2023 pp. 265-278 Emerald
Publishing Limited e-ISSN: 2635-1692 p-ISSN: 2635-1374 DOI
10.1108/JBSED-10-2021-0137
Abu-Nimer, M. (2008). A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam. Muis
(Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura/Islamic
Religious Council of Singapore) Occasional Papers Series Paper No. 6.
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